"vault backup: 2025-12-23 14:38:20 from Flow"
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@@ -52,19 +52,82 @@ You can conjugate a verb into て form, and stick から after it, it means that
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This is an action where the thing opens itself. Elevator Doors,
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## Transitive Verbs vs Intransitive Verbs
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Note to Gemini: This is an important topic, please give it extra attention. Please generate a in depth description about Japanese 他動詞 and 自動車 verbs. Include their differences, ways to tell what they are, and other relevant information
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### Understanding Transitive (他動詞) and Intransitive (自動詞) Verbs
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### Examples
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- 電気がつく
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- The light is on
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- Intransitive, no object.
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- 電気をつける
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- The light is turned on
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- Transitive, つける requires an object, using を
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- 電気を消す
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- The light is turned off
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- Transitive, 消す requires an object
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- 電気が消える
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- The light turned off
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- Intransitive, 消える requires no object.
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-
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In Japanese, verbs are often categorized as either **Transitive (他動詞 - tadoushi)** or **Intransitive (自動詞 - jidoushi)**. This distinction is fundamental to building correct sentences, as it dictates which particles you use and how you describe an action.
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#### The Core Concept
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- **Transitive verbs (他動詞)** describe an action done *by* someone or something *to* an object. There is a subject who performs the action and a direct object that receives the action. Think of it as a "do-er" acting on a "thing."
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- **Intransitive verbs (自動詞)** describe a change of state or an action that happens *on its own*. There is no direct object receiving the action. The subject *is* the one undergoing the change or performing the action without acting upon anything else.
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---
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### Transitive Verbs (他動詞 - tadoushi)
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The word 他動詞 (tadoushi) is made of a telling combination of kanji:
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- **他** (ta): "other"
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- **動** (dō): "move"
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- **詞** (shi): "word"
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So, it's an "other-moving word." A transitive verb describes an action that a subject directs at an **other** thing (the object). This is why transitive verbs almost always require the particle **を (o)** to mark the direct object that is being acted upon.
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**Structure:** `[Subject] が [Object] を [Transitive Verb]`
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**Examples:**
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- 私が**電気をつけます**。 (Watashi ga **denki o tsukemasu.**)
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- I **turn on the light.** (The subject "I" acts on the object "light.")
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- 彼が**ドアを開けます**。 (Kare ga **doa o akemasu.**)
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- He **opens the door.** (The subject "he" acts on the object "door.")
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- 母が**弟を起こします**。 (Haha ga **otōto o okoshimasu.**)
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- My mother **wakes up my little brother.** (The subject "mother" acts on the object "brother.")
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---
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### Intransitive Verbs (自動詞 - jidoushi)
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The word 自動詞 (jidoushi) is also revealing:
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- **自** (ji): "self"
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- **動** (dō): "move"
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- **詞** (shi): "word"
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This is a "self-moving word." An intransitive verb describes something that happens "by itself" from the subject's perspective. There is no direct object. The subject is marked with the particle **が (ga)** or **は (wa)**.
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**Structure:** `[Subject] が [Intransitive Verb]`
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**Examples:**
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- **電気がつきます**。 (**Denki ga tsukimasu.**)
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- **The light is on.** (The light is in a state of being on; no one is actively "turning" it.)
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- **ドアが開きます**。 (**Doa ga akimasu.**)
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- **The door opens.** (The door opens by itself, like an automatic door.)
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- **弟が起きます**。 (Otōto ga **okimasu.**)
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- **My little brother wakes up.** (He wakes up on his own.)
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---
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### How to Tell Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Apart
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1. **Particle Usage (The Golden Rule):**
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- If a verb uses **を (o)** to mark an object, it's **transitive**.
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- If a verb uses **が (ga)** to describe the thing that *is* changing or moving, it's **intransitive**.
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2. **Common Verb Pairings:**
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Many verbs come in transitive/intransitive pairs. While not every pair follows a perfect rule, there are very common patterns that are useful to memorize. Noticing the ending of a verb can often give you a clue.
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| Common Ending Pattern | Transitive (-su) | Intransitive (-ru) |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **Example** | 返す (kae**su** - to return something) | 返る (kae**ru** - something returns) |
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| **Example** | 出す (da**su** - to take something out) | 出る (de**ru** - to go out) |
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| Common Ending Pattern | Transitive (-eru) | Intransitive (-u/ru) |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **Example** | 開ける (ak**eru** - to open something) | 開く (ak**u** - something opens) |
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| **Example** | 閉める (shim**eru** - to close something) | 閉まる (shima**ru** - something closes) |
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| **Example** | 入れる (ir**eru** - to put something in) | 入る (hai**ru** - to enter) |
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| **Example** | つける (tsuk**eru** - to turn something on) | つく (tsuk**u** - something turns on) |
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| Other Common Pairs | Transitive | Intransitive |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **To extinguish/turn off** | 消す (kesu) | 消える (kieru) |
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| **To drop** | 落とす (otosu) | 落ちる (ochiru) |
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| **To begin** | 始める (hajimeru) | 始まる (hajimaru) |
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| **To finish** | 終える (oeru) | 終わる (owaru) |
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Remember, the most reliable way to know is to see which particle is used. When you learn a new verb, try to learn its pair at the same time!
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