From 57ee874d9056c2eb0eba000ccdda1b9dedc7d0eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Spencer Grimes Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2025 12:07:23 +0900 Subject: [PATCH] "vault backup: 2025-11-06 12:07:23 from Flow" --- .../Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md b/20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md index 6f8b452..ae80b66 100644 --- a/20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md +++ b/20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md @@ -70,15 +70,17 @@ Used to express intention or suggestion in a non-polite way. - **Irregular:** する → しよう, くる → こよう #### Potential Verbs + The potential form in Japanese is used to express **ability** or **possibility** (e.g., "can do," "is able to"). Once a verb is in its potential form, it functions grammatically as a **Group 2 (Ichidan) verb**. ##### 1. How to Form Potential Verbs (Conjugation) -| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example | -| :----------------------------- | :--------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| **Group 1** (Godan/U-verbs) | Ends in a U-row kana | Change the final U-sound to the equivalent **E-sound** and add **る** ($U \rightarrow E + る$) | $E-る$ verb | **話す** (hanasu - to speak) $\rightarrow$ **話せる** (hanaseru - can speak) | -| **Group 2** (Ichidan/Ru-verbs) | Ends in **る** (preceded by E or I sound) | Replace **る** with **られる** ($る \rightarrow られる$) | $られる$ verb | **食べる** (taberu - to eat) $\rightarrow$ **食べられる** (taberareru - can eat) | -| **Irregular** (する) | **する** (suru - to do) | Special exception | **できる** (dekiru - can do) | | -| **Irregular** (来る) | **来る** (kuru - to come) | Special exception | **来られる** (korareru - can come) | | + +| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example | +| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | +| **Group 1** (Godan/U-verbs) | Ends in a U-row kana | Change the final U-sound to the equivalent **E-sound** and add **る** ($U \rightarrow E + る$) | $E-る$ verb | **話す** (hanasu - to speak) $\rightarrow$ **話せる** (hanaseru - can speak) | +| **Group 2** (Ichidan/Ru-verbs) | Ends in **る** (preceded by E or I sound) | Replace **る** with **られる** ($る \rightarrow られる$) | $られる$ verb | **食べる** (taberu - to eat) $\rightarrow$ **食べられる** (taberareru - can eat) | +| **Irregular** (する) | **する** (suru - to do) | Special exception | **できる** (dekiru - can do) | | +| **Irregular** (来る) | **来る** (kuru - to come) | Special exception | **来られる** (korareru - can come) | | ###### 📝 Note: The ら-Drop (ら抜き言葉) In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped. @@ -91,8 +93,7 @@ In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped. The most important grammatical rule for potential verbs is the change in the direct object particle. -###### Particle Change: を (o) $ -ightarrow$ が (ga) +###### Particle Change: を (o) $\rightarrow$ が (ga) When a transitive verb is put into the potential form, the direct object particle usually changes from **を** (*o*) to **が** (*ga*). @@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ When a transitive verb is put into the potential form, the direct object particl ##### 3. Alternative Expression of Potential -You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by using the phrase **～ことができる** (koto ga dekiru), which means "the thing/action of [verb] can be done." +You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by using the phrase **～ことができる** (koto ga dekiru), which means "the thing/action of {verb} can be done." * **Formula:** Plain Form of Verb + **ことができる** @@ -115,7 +116,6 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u | :------------------- | :----------------------- | :-------------------- | | **Potential Verb** | 日本語**が** **話せます**。 | I can speak Japanese. | | **Alternative Form** | 日本語を **話す** **ことができます**。 | I can speak Japanese. | - ### Adjective Conjugations #### い-Adjectives