From 91e6eb1fc3a0ac9d37d7e5a05e1eabbf42dfa876 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Spencer Grimes Date: Thu, 14 May 2026 13:55:34 +0900 Subject: [PATCH] "vault backup: 2026-05-14 13:55:34 from Flow" --- 10-Input/Classes/Japanese Class_2026-05-14.md | 124 +++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 90 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/10-Input/Classes/Japanese Class_2026-05-14.md b/10-Input/Classes/Japanese Class_2026-05-14.md index 3019ed4..d24f7e3 100644 --- a/10-Input/Classes/Japanese Class_2026-05-14.md +++ b/10-Input/Classes/Japanese Class_2026-05-14.md @@ -18,63 +18,119 @@ processed: false # Main Point -## Using います・あります with　じどうし・たどうし -When using じどうし or たどうし, and conjugate them to て form, we have to put different verbs after it. +## Resulting States: じどうし + ています vs. たどうし + てあります -For じどうし、which is intransitive verbs, we stick "います" after. +When you want to describe the **current state something is in as a result of an action**, you use Vて + います or Vて + あります — which one depends on whether the verb is intransitive or transitive. -For たどうし, which is transitive verbs, we stick "あります" after it. +- **じどうし** (intransitive) — the subject acts on *itself*. No object. The thing just *is* in a state. +- **たどうし** (transitive) — someone acts *on* something else. There's an agent and an object. -ドアーが開いています -Door opened. It opened by itself. You don't know who opened it. It might of opened automatically. +--- -彼はドアーを開けてあります. -HE opened the door. We know now. We use transitive. +### The Two Patterns -Can also use いました or ありました to denote it happened in the past. +| Type | Formula | Nuance | +|---|---|---| +| じどうし | **[Object]が [じどうし]ています** | The thing is in a state. Agent unknown or irrelevant. | +| たどうし | **[Agent]は [Object]を [たどうし]てあります** | Someone *intentionally* put it in that state. | + +> Use **いました / ありました** for past states. + +--- + +### Core Contrast + +ドアが開いています +Doa ga aite imasu +The door is open. (It opened — maybe on its own, maybe someone did it, doesn't matter.) + +彼はドアを開けてあります +Kare wa doa wo akete arimasu +He has opened the door. (He did it on purpose. We know who.) + +--- + +### Common じどうし・たどうし Pairs + +| じどうし (int.) | たどうし (tr.) | Meaning | +|---|---|---| +| 開く (あく) | 開ける (あける) | to open | +| 閉まる (しまる) | 閉める (しめる) | to close | +| 消える (きえる) | 消す (けす) | to go out / to turn off | +| 冷える (ひえる) | 冷やす (ひやす) | to get cold / to cool | +| 入る (はいる) | 入れる (いれる) | to be inside / to insert | + +--- ### Examples + +**じどうし + ています** + +飲み物は冷蔵庫で冷えています +Nomimono wa reizouko de hiete imasu +The drinks are chilling in the refrigerator. +- 冷える is intransitive — the drinks are just *in the state* of being cold. + +パスポートが入っています +Pasupooto ga haitte imasu +The passport is (inside the drawer). +- 入る is intransitive — it's just in there. + +運転するときにパスポートを持っています +Unten suru toki ni pasupooto wo motte imasu +I carry my passport when I drive. + +スーパーに行く時に家にパスポートを置いています +Suupaa ni iku toki ni ie ni pasupooto wo oite imasu +I leave my passport at home when I go to the supermarket. + +--- + +**たどうし + てあります** + 彼は窓を閉めてありました +Kare wa mado wo shimete arimashita He had closed the window. - Note: Transitive because somebody or something intentionally did the action +- 閉める is transitive — he did it intentionally. テレビを消してありました +Terebi wo keshite arimashita The TV had been turned off. - Note: No subject here, but still using transitive because we know *somebody* turned the TV off, its implied, it didn't do it by itself. +- No explicit subject, but *somebody* switched it off. Didn't turn itself off. 家を掃除してありました +Ie wo soujishite arimashita The house had been cleaned. -飲み物は冷蔵庫で冷えっています -The drinks are chilling in the refrigerator. +パーティーのために、私は飲み物を冷蔵庫で冷やしてありました +Paatii no tame ni, watashi wa nomimono wo reizouko de hiyashite arimashita +For the party, I had kept the drinks chilled in the refrigerator. +- Same situation as the じどうし example above, but now *I* am the agent doing it intentionally. -パーティーのために、私は飲み物を隷属で冷やしてありました -For the party, I had kept the drinks chilled in the cellar. -　Note: Similar sentence as above, but there's a subject here (わたし), so we use たどうし - -花がテーブルの上に置かれています -Flowers are placed on the table. - おく does not have たどうし・じどうし, so we use Passive Verb (うけみけい) - -カレンダーが壁に掛けられています -The calendar is hanging on the wall. - Note: Same as above. - -Passportは机に入れてあります -My passport was put in the drawer - -Passportが入っています -The passport was inserted into the drawer (じどうし) +パスポートは机に入れてあります +Pasupooto wa tsukue ni irete arimasu +My passport has been put in the drawer. +- 入れる is transitive — someone (me) put it there. スペンサーは昼ご飯を作ってありますか？ +Supensaa wa hirugohan wo tsukutte arimasu ka? Has Spencer made lunch? 昼ご飯はまだ作ってありません +Hirugohan wa mada tsukutte arimasen I haven't made lunch yet. -運転するときにpassportを持っています -I carry my passport when I drive. +--- -スーパーを行く時に家にPassportを置いています -I leave my passport at home when I go to the supermarket. +### Edge Case: Verbs With No Intransitive Form + +Some verbs — like **おく** (to place) and **かける** (to hang) — don't have an intransitive counterpart. For these, use the **passive form (うけみけい)** instead. + +花がテーブルの上に置かれています +Hana ga teeburu no ue ni okarete imasu +Flowers are placed on the table. + +カレンダーが壁に掛けられています +Karendaa ga kabe ni kakerarete imasu +The calendar is hanging on the wall.