"vault backup: 2025-12-04 11:58:42 from Flow"
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@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ This section covers sentence structures, verb complements, and key grammatical p
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- **出来 (chūlái)**: Indicates movement from inside to outside.
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- **出来 (chūlái)**: Indicates movement from inside to outside.
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- **伤 (shāng)**: A result complement indicating an action caused injury.
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- **伤 (shāng)**: A result complement indicating an action caused injury.
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### "Again": 又 (Yòu) vs. 再 (Zài)
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### Again You vs Zai
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- **又 (Yòu)**: Used for an action that happened again in the **past**.
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- **又 (Yòu)**: Used for an action that happened again in the **past**.
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- **再 (Zài)**: Used for an action that will happen again in the **present or future**.
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- **再 (Zài)**: Used for an action that will happen again in the **present or future**.
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@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ This section covers sentence structures, verb complements, and key grammatical p
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- **掌机 (zhǎng jī)**: Handheld console
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- **掌机 (zhǎng jī)**: Handheld console
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- **3D打印 (3D dǎyìn)**: 3D Printing
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- **3D打印 (3D dǎyìn)**: 3D Printing
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### Weather - 2025-11-17:
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### Weather - 2025-11-17
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- **天气 (Tiānqì)**: Weather
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- **天气 (Tiānqì)**: Weather
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- **晴天 (Qíngtiān)**: Sunny Day
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- **晴天 (Qíngtiān)**: Sunny Day
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@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Used to express intention or suggestion in a non-polite way.
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The potential form in Japanese is used to express **ability** or **possibility** (e.g., "can do," "is able to"). Once a verb is in its potential form, it functions grammatically as a **Group 2 (Ichidan) verb**.
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The potential form in Japanese is used to express **ability** or **possibility** (e.g., "can do," "is able to"). Once a verb is in its potential form, it functions grammatically as a **Group 2 (Ichidan) verb**.
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##### 1. How to Form Potential Verbs (Conjugation)
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##### How to Form Potential Verbs (Conjugation)
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| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example |
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| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ The potential form in Japanese is used to express **ability** or **possibility**
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| **Irregular** (する) | **する** (suru - to do) | Special exception | **できる** (dekiru - can do) | |
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| **Irregular** (する) | **する** (suru - to do) | Special exception | **できる** (dekiru - can do) | |
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| **Irregular** (来る) | **来る** (kuru - to come) | Special exception | **来られる** (korareru - can come) | |
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| **Irregular** (来る) | **来る** (kuru - to come) | Special exception | **来られる** (korareru - can come) | |
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###### 📝 Note: The ら-Drop (ら抜き言葉)
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###### Note The ra-Drop (ranuki kotoba)
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In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped.
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In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped.
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* **Standard:** 食べられる (taberareru)
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* **Standard:** 食べられる (taberareru)
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* **Colloquial (Non-Standard):** 食べれる (tabereru)
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* **Colloquial (Non-Standard):** 食べれる (tabereru)
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##### 2. Key Grammatical Usage: Particle Change
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##### Key Grammatical Usage Particle Change
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The most important grammatical rule for potential verbs is the change in the direct object particle.
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The most important grammatical rule for potential verbs is the change in the direct object particle.
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@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ When a transitive verb is put into the potential form, the direct object particl
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##### 3. Alternative Expression of Potential
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##### Alternative Expression of Potential
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You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by using the phrase **~ことができる** (koto ga dekiru), which means "the thing/action of {verb} can be done."
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You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by using the phrase **~ことができる** (koto ga dekiru), which means "the thing/action of {verb} can be done."
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- **Noun Modification**: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it.
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- **Noun Modification**: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it.
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- **Difficulty Suffix にくい**: To express that something is difficult to do, add **-にくい** to the verb stem (pre-ます form).
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- **Difficulty Suffix nikui**: To express that something is difficult to do, add **-にくい** to the verb stem (pre-ます form).
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- **Receiving Favors (てもらいます)**: Used when the subject receives a favor or action from someone else. The subject is the one receiving. *Example: 私は先生に日本語を教えてもらいます。 (I receive teaching of Japanese from the teacher.)*
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- **Receiving Favors (てもらいます)**: Used when the subject receives a favor or action from someone else. The subject is the one receiving. *Example: 私は先生に日本語を教えてもらいます。 (I receive teaching of Japanese from the teacher.)*
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- *Example: 宿題を持って来なくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry for not bringing the homework.)*
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- *Example: 宿題を持って来なくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry for not bringing the homework.)*
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<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
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<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
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- **Quoting Someone Informal (って言いました)** - 2025-11-25: A less formal equivalent of `〜と言います` for quoting others. It requires the verb preceding it to be in the plain (dictionary) form, not the -ます form. The latter part of the phrase (e.g., `言いました`) is often omitted in casual conversation.
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- **Quoting Someone Informal (tte iimashita)** - 2025-11-25 A less formal equivalent of `〜と言います` for quoting others. It requires the verb preceding it to be in the plain (dictionary) form, not the -ます form. The latter part of the phrase (e.g., `言いました`) is often omitted in casual conversation.
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- **Formula**: Plain Form + って言いました / って
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- **Formula**: Plain Form + って言いました / って
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- **Examples**:
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- **Examples**:
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- *A-sanが”明日は休む”って言いました* (A-san said, "I'm off tomorrow.")
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- *A-sanが”明日は休む”って言いました* (A-san said, "I'm off tomorrow.")
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@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u
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- *A-sanが「資料を作って」って* (A-san said, "Make the materials.")
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- *A-sanが「資料を作って」って* (A-san said, "Make the materials.")
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- *ニュースで「けいざいがよくなっている」って* (The news said, "The economy is improving.")
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- *ニュースで「けいざいがよくなっている」って* (The news said, "The economy is improving.")
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- **Conditional If (もしだったら or たら)** - 2025-11-25: A common, less formal way to express "if" (less formal than `なら`).
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- **Conditional If (moshidattara or tara)** - 2025-11-25 A common, less formal way to express "if" (less formal than `なら`).
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- **Verb**: Conjugate the verb to its plain past tense (た-form) and add `ら`.
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- **Verb**: Conjugate the verb to its plain past tense (た-form) and add `ら`.
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- *Example: もしたくさんお金が**あったら**、新しい車を買います。* (If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.)
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- *Example: もしたくさんお金が**あったら**、新しい車を買います。* (If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.)
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- **Noun or な-Adjective**: Add `だったら`.
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- **Noun or な-Adjective**: Add `だったら`.
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- *駅に着いたら, 電話してください* - When you get to the station, please give me a call.
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- *駅に着いたら, 電話してください* - When you get to the station, please give me a call.
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- *今日は家に帰ったら、何をしますか。* - When you return home today, what will you do? (Asking questions)
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- *今日は家に帰ったら、何をしますか。* - When you return home today, what will you do? (Asking questions)
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- **Need Not To (なくてもいいです)** - 2025-12-04: This grammatical pattern expresses that there is no necessity to perform an action. It's the equivalent of saying "you don't have to..." or "it's okay if you don't..." in English. It's formed by taking the negative `ない` form of a verb, dropping the final `い`, and adding `くてもいいです`.
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- **Need Not To (nakutemo iidesu)** - 2025-12-04 This grammatical pattern expresses that there is no necessity to perform an action. It's the equivalent of saying "you don't have to..." or "it's okay if you don't..." in English. It's formed by taking the negative `ない` form of a verb, dropping the final `い`, and adding `くてもいいです`.
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- **Formation:**
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- **Formation:**
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- Verb (ない-form, drop い) + くてもいいです
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- Verb (ない-form, drop い) + くてもいいです
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- Example: `行く` (iku) -> `行かない` (ikanai) -> `行かなくてもいいです` (ikanakutemo ii desu)
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- Example: `行く` (iku) -> `行かない` (ikanai) -> `行かなくてもいいです` (ikanakutemo ii desu)
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