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20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md

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+---
+type: Knowledge
+title: Synthesized Japanese Class Notes
+date: '2025-10-23'
+---
+
+# Synthesized Japanese Class Notes
+
+This note is a synthesized compilation of all Japanese class notes from the `10-Input` folder. The content has been organized by topic for clarity and ease of reference.
+
+## Grammar
+
+### Parts of Speech
+
+- **めいし (名詞)** - Noun
+- **どうし (動詞)** - Verb
+- **けいようし (形容詞)** - Adjective
+- **じょし (助詞)** - Particle
+- **しゅご (主語)** - Subject of a sentence
+
+### Particles
+
+- **か** - Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.
+- **の** - Connects two nouns (Noun 1 + の + Noun 2), where Noun 1 modifies or describes Noun 2. Can also be used as a placeholder for aforementioned or unknown things.
+- **に** - Indicates a specific point in time, purpose, or location of existence.
+- **で** - Indicates the location where an action takes place or the means by which an action is done ("by").
+- **も** - Means "also" or "too." Can be used to show surprise at a large quantity.
+- **が** - Marks the subject of a sentence or the object of liking/disliking.
+- **を** - Marks the direct object of a verb.
+- **から / ので** - Both mean "because" or "so." ので is generally more formal/polite.
+- **や** - Used to list things loosely, similar to saying "like" or "such as".
+- **なら** - Conditional particle for hypothetical situations, contrasts, or providing information based on a premise ("if").
+
+### Verb Conjugations
+
+#### て-form (Te-form)
+
+The て-form is used to connect verbs, make requests, and in many other grammatical patterns.
+
+- **Rules:**
+    - Verbs ending in **う, つ, る** → **って**
+    - Verbs ending in **ぬ, む, ぶ** → **んで**
+    - Verbs ending in **く** → **いて**
+    - Verbs ending in **ぐ** → **いで**
+    - Verbs ending in **す** → **して**
+    - **Irregular:** する → して, くる → きて
+
+- **Usages:**
+    - **〜てください** - Please do...
+    - **〜てもいいですか** - May I do...?
+    - **〜てはいけません / 〜てはだめです** - You must not do...
+    - **〜て〜て...** - To list activities in sequential order.
+    - **〜ています** - Present continuous tense.
+    - **まだ + 〜ていません** - I haven't done... yet.
+
+#### Non-Polite (Plain) Form
+
+- **のむ (to drink):** のまない (neg), のんだ (past), のまなかった (past-neg)
+- **くる (to come):** こない (neg), きた (past), こなかった (past-neg)
+- **ある (to exist):** ない (neg), あった (past), なかった (past-neg)
+
+#### Volitional Form
+
+Used to express intention or suggestion in a non-polite way.
+
+- **Godan verbs (u-verbs):** Change the final 'u' sound to an 'o' sound and add 'u'. (e.g., 飲む → 飲もう)
+- **Ichidan verbs (ru-verbs):** Replace the final 'る' with 'よう'. (e.g., 食べる → 食べよう)
+- **Irregular:** する → しよう, くる → こよう
+
+#### Potential Form ("Can do")
+
+- **Godan Verbs (u-verbs):** Change the final "u" sound to an "e" sound.
+- **Ichidan Verbs (ru-verbs):** Remove the final る and add られる.
+- **Irregular Verbs:** する → できる, くる → こられる
+
+### Adjective Conjugations
+
+#### い-Adjectives
+
+- **Negative:** Replace い with **くない**.
+- **Past:** Replace い with **かった**.
+- **Past Negative:** Replace い with **くなかった**.
+- **Connecting (Te-form):** Replace い with **くて**.
+
+#### な-Adjectives
+
+- **Negative:** Add **じゃありません**.
+- **Past:** Add **でした**.
+- **Past Negative:** Add **じゃありませんでした**.
+- **Connecting (Te-form):** Add **で**.
+
+### Sentence Structures
+
+- **Making Invitations:**
+    - **〜ませんか？** - Polite invitation ("Would you like to...?").
+    - **〜ましょう** - Suggestion ("Let's...").
+    - **〜ましょうか？** - Suggestion/Offer ("Shall we...? / Shall I...?").
+
+- **Expressing "I think..." (〜と思います)**: Place と思います after a phrase in the non-polite tense. Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ.
+
+- **Quoting Someone (〜と言います)**: Use 「 」 for direct quotes followed by と言います.
+
+- **Making Comparisons:**
+    - **A の方が B より ADJ です** - A is more ADJ than B.
+
+- **Expressing Superlatives:**
+    - **[Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか？** - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]?
+
+- **Expressing Intention (〜つもりです)**: Use a non-polite verb followed by つもりです to state you plan to do something.
+
+- **Expressing "To Become" (〜になる / 〜くなる)**:
+    - **Noun / な-Adjective + になる**
+    - **い-Adjective (stem) + くなる**
+
+- **Expressing "I want to..." (〜たい)**: Change the ます form of a verb to 〜たい. Conjugates like an い-adjective.
+
+- **Expressing someone else wants (〜たがる)**: To describe observations of another person's desire.
+
+- **Stating Purpose**: Use the verb stem + に + verb of motion (e.g., 行きます, 来ます).
+
+- **Expressing "Probably" (〜でしょう)**: Used for predictions.
+
+- **Expressing Preparation (〜ておく)**: Indicates something was done in preparation.
+
+- **Making Suggestions (〜たらどうですか？)**: Suggests trying an action.
+
+- **Polite Questions (〜んです)**: Makes a question less direct and more polite.
+
+- **Listing Activities Loosely (〜たり〜たりする)**: Lists example activities without a specific order.
+
+- **Expressing Experience (〜たことがあります)**: Use the past tense (た-form) of a verb followed by ことがあります.
+
+- **Expressing "Too much" (〜すぎる)**: Add すぎる to the verb or adjective stem.
+
+- **Giving Advice (〜方がいい)**: "It would be better to..."
+
+- **Multiple Reasons Why (〜し)**: Used to list multiple reasons for a result.
+
+- **Expressing "Seems to be..." (〜そうです)**: Used to describe an impression based on appearance.
+
+- **Trying To (〜てみる)**: Conjugate the verb to て form and add みる.
+
+- **Noun Modification**: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it.
+
+## Vocabulary
+
+### Nouns
+
+- **People & Titles:** うんてんしゅ (driver), おとしより (elderly person), かいしゃいん (office worker), きょうだい (spiritual brother), ちょうろ (elder)
+- **Places:** おうこくかいかん (Kingdom Hall), くうこう (airport), こうえん (park), しやくしょ (city hall), としょかん (library), びじゅつかん (art museum), ゆうびんきょく (post office)
+- **Time & Frequency:** あさって (day after tomorrow), いちにちじゅう (all day), おととい (two days ago), こんど (next time), しょうがつ / しんねん (New Years), まいしゅう (every week)
+- **Food & Drink:** ごはん (rice/meal), しお (salt), すきやき (sukiyaki), やきにく (BBQ), やしょく (late night snack)
+- **Objects & Concepts:** いさん (heritage), えんぴつ (pencil), かばん (bag), くるま (car), けいたい (cell phone), しごと (work), しつもん (question), せいしょ (Bible), でんしゃ (train), りょこう (trip/travel)
+
+### Verbs
+
+- **あう (会う)** - To meet
+- **あるく (歩く)** - To walk
+- **いく (行く)** - To go
+- **うんてんする (運転する)** - To drive
+- **およぐ (泳ぐ)** - To swim
+- **かう (飼う)** - To keep (a pet)
+- **きく (聴く)** - To listen
+- **する (suru)** - To do
+- **たべる (食べる)** - To eat
+- **でかける (出かける)** - To go out
+- **はなす (話す)** - To speak
+- **まつ (待つ)** - To wait
+- **よむ (読む)** - To read
+
+### Adjectives
+
+- **い-Adjectives:** あたらしい (new), あつい (hot), いそがしい (busy), おいしい (delicious), おおきい (big), さむい (cold), ちいさい (small), むずかしい (difficult), やさしい (easy/kind), やすい (cheap)
+- **な-Adjectives:** かんたん (easy), きれい (pretty/clean), げんき (healthy), しずか (quiet), じょうず (skilled), すき (likeable), べんり (convenient), ゆうめい (famous)
+- **Like/Dislike Scale:** 大好き (love) > 好き (like) > 嫌い (dislike) > 大嫌い (hate)
+
+### Adverbs & Expressions
+
+- **あまり + negative** - Not often
+- **じつは** - Actually
+- **ずっと** - Much / A lot
+- **ぜんぜん + negative** - Not at all
+- **たくさん** - A lot
+- **ときどき** - Sometimes
+- **ゆっくり** - Slowly
+
+## Phrases & Greetings
+
+- **おはよう** - Good morning
+- **よろしくお願いします** - Nice to meet you
+- **おだいじに** - Take care (when someone is sick)
+- **ただいま** - I'm home
+- **おかえり** - Welcome back
+- **いただきます** - Said before eating
+- **おなかがすきます** - I'm hungry
+- **のどがかわきました** - I'm thirsty