diff --git a/20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md b/20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md index 5e69baa..107b3bd 100644 --- a/20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md +++ b/20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md @@ -12,50 +12,6 @@ This note is a synthesized compilation of all Japanese class notes from the `10- ## Grammar -### Grammar - 2026-01-14 - -### Connecting Sentences with と -You can connect different actions, in order, using と. The verb before と must be in present tense, but can be in regular or polite form. This is usually used for things that naturally happen, without human trying to intervene in it. - -Special note: If you use this と to connect a sentence, you can not end the sentence with ～たいです (Want to), ～てください (Please do...), ～てはいけません (Don't do something). Use ～たから instead of とで for that. - -百メートル歩くと郵便局に着きました -After walking a hundred meters, I arrived at the post office. - -バトンを押しますとジュースが出ます。 -When you press the button, juice will come out. - -冬になると寒くなります -It gets cold in the winter - -スイッチをつけると部屋が明るくなります -After I hit the switch, the room becomes bright - -夏になると沖縄に行きます -I go to Okinawa in the summer. - -年を取ると経験があります -With age comes experience - -### ながら -> Multi Tasking -You can stick ながら at the end of a ます verb stem, and then connect another verb after. The second verb is the main verb of the sentence. If there are multiple things going on, you can still only have one single ながら. Use て　form for other things, and then have the second to last one as ながら - -Structure: Verb1~~ます~~ + ながら + Verb2 - -#### Examples -- 音楽を聴きながら、仕事をしています - - While listening to music, I work -- ギターを引きながら、歌います - - While playing the guitar, I sing -- テレビを見て、クッキーを食べながら、携帯を使います - - I watch TV, eat cookies, and use my phone. -- タバコを吸いながら、歩きます - - While smoking tabaco, walked -- 車を運転しながら、携帯を使います - - While driving a car, using a cell phone -- ご飯を食べながら、携帯を使ってはいけません。 - - You must not use your cell phone while eating. - ### Parts of Speech - **めいし (名詞)** - Noun @@ -157,9 +113,39 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u * **Formula:** Plain Form of Verb + **ことができる** | Method | Example | Meaning | -| :------------------- | :----------------------- | :-------------------- | +| :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Potential Verb** | 日本語**が** **話せます**。 | I can speak Japanese. | | **Alternative Form** | 日本語を **話す** **ことができます**。 | I can speak Japanese. | + +#### Transitive (他動詞) and Intransitive (自動詞) Verbs - *Updated: 2025-12-31* +This is a fundamental concept in Japanese grammar that distinguishes between verbs that require a direct object and those that do not. + +- **Transitive Verbs (他動詞 - tadoushi)**: + - An action done *by* a subject *to* an object. + - The object is marked with the particle **を (o)**. + - *Example: 私が電気**を**つけます。* (I turn on the light.) +- **Intransitive Verbs (自動詞 - jidoushi)**: + - An action that happens *on its own*. There is no direct object. + - The subject is marked with the particle **が (ga)**. + - *Example: 電気**が**つきます。* (The light is on.) +- **Common Pairs**: Many verbs come in pairs. Learning them together is an effective way to master their usage. When using Intransitive Verbs, its usually best to use ～ている form, because the thing is in a state of being whatever. + +| **Transitive (他動詞)** | **Intransitive (自動詞)** | **English Meaning** | +| -------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------------- | +| **開ける** (あける) | **開く** (あく) | To open | +| **閉める** (しめる) | **閉まる** (しまる) | To close | +| **入れる** (いれる) | **入る** (はいる) | To put in / To enter | +| **出す** (だす) | **出る** (でる) | To take out / To go out | +| **点ける** (つける) | **点く** (つく) | To turn on (light/appliance) | +| **消す** (けす) | **消える** (きえる) | To turn off / To disappear | +| **壊す** (こわす) | **壊れる** (こわれる) | To break | +| **汚す** (よごす) | **汚れる** (よごれる) | To make dirty / To get dirty | +| **落とす** (おとす) | **落ちる** (おちる) | To drop / To fall | +| **沸かす** (わかす) | **沸く** (わく) | To boil (water) | +| 割る (わる) | 割れる (われる) | To shatter | +| 折る (おる) | 折れる (おれる) | To Fold | +| 無くす (なくす) | 無くなる (なくなる) | To lose an object | + ### Adjective Conjugations #### い-Adjectives @@ -183,29 +169,33 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u - **〜ましょう** - Suggestion ("Let's..."). - **〜ましょうか？** - Suggestion/Offer ("Shall we...? / Shall I...?"). -- **Expressing I think (と思います)**: Place と思います after a phrase in the non-polite tense. Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ. +- **Expressing "I think" (と思います)**: Place と思います after a phrase in the non-polite tense. Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ. -- **Quoting Someone (と言います)**: Use 「 」 for direct quotes followed by と言います. +- **Quoting Someone (と言います / って言いました)** - *Updated: 2025-11-25*: Use 「 」 for direct quotes followed by と言います. A less formal equivalent is `〜って言いました` which requires the preceding verb to be in plain form. + - *Example (Formal)*: *A-sanが”明日は休む”って言いました* (A-san said, "I'm off tomorrow.") + - *Example (Informal)*: *A-sanが「会議は午後からだ」って* (A-san said, "The meeting is from the afternoon.") -- **Making Comparisons** - - **A の方が B より ADJ です** - A is more ADJ than B. +- **Hearsay (そうです)** - *Added: 2025-11-20*: Used to report information heard from another source. It is appended to the plain form of verbs and い-adjectives. For な-adjectives and nouns, add だ before そうです. + - **Citing a Source**: To mention where you heard the information, use the pattern: `[Source] + によると`. + - *Example: 天気予報によると今日は雨が降るそうです。* (According to the weather forecast, I heard it will rain today.) -- **Expressing Superlatives** - - **[Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか？** - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]? +- **Making Comparisons**: **A の方が B より ADJ です** - A is more ADJ than B. + +- **Expressing Superlatives**: **[Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか？** - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]? - **Expressing Intention (つもりです)**: Use a non-polite verb followed by つもりです to state you plan to do something. -- **Expressing to Become (になる or くなる)**: +- **Expressing "to Become" (になる or くなる)**: - **Noun / な-Adjective + になる** - **い-Adjective (stem) + くなる** -- **Expressing I want to (たい)**: Change the ます form of a verb to 〜たい. Conjugates like an い-adjective. +- **Expressing "I want to" (たい)**: Change the ます form of a verb to 〜たい. Conjugates like an い-adjective. - **Expressing someone else wants (たがる)**: To describe observations of another person's desire. - **Stating Purpose**: Use the verb stem + に + verb of motion (e.g., 行きます, 来ます). -- **Expressing Probably (でしょう)**: Used for predictions. +- **Expressing "Probably" (でしょう)**: Used for predictions. - **Expressing Preparation (ておく)**: Indicates something was done in preparation. @@ -217,192 +207,68 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u - **Expressing Experience (たことがあります)**: Use the past tense (た-form) of a verb followed by ことがあります. -- **Expressing Too much (すぎる)**: Add すぎる to the verb or adjective stem. +- **Expressing "Too much" (すぎる)**: Add すぎる to the verb or adjective stem. - **Giving Advice (方がいい)**: "It would be better to..." - **Multiple Reasons Why (し)**: Used to list multiple reasons for a result. -- **Expressing Seems to be (そうです)**: Used to describe an impression based on appearance. +- **Expressing "Seems to be" (そうです)**: Used to describe an impression based on appearance. -- **Trying To (temiru)**: Conjugate the verb to て form and add みる. - -- **~ように** - 2025-12-31: Usually used in prayers. You can stick ~ように after a polite conjugated verb if your asking for something. It should be in the passive form (～られる)。 - - *Example: 健康でいられますように* -> Please let my health be good - - *Example: 牛肉を食べられますように* -> Please let me eat beef. - - *Example: 合格ごうかくしますように* -> I hope I pass the exam. +- **Trying To (〜てみる)** - *Added: 2025-11-20*: To express the idea of trying something out, conjugate a verb to its て-form and then append the verb みる. + - *Example: この服は着てみてもいいですか？* (Is it okay if I try on these clothes?) + - *Example: 沖縄のがまを見てみたい。* (I want to try to see the caves in Okinawa.) - **Noun Modification**: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it. -- **Difficulty Suffix nikui**: To express that something is difficult to do, add **-にくい** to the verb stem (pre-ます form). +- **Difficulty Suffix (-にくい)**: To express that something is difficult to do, add **-にくい** to the verb stem (pre-ます form). - **Receiving Favors (てもらいます)**: Used when the subject receives a favor or action from someone else. The subject is the one receiving. *Example: 私は先生に日本語を教えてもらいます。 (I receive teaching of Japanese from the teacher.)* - **Polite Requests (ていただけませんか)**: A very polite way to ask someone to do something. Added to the て-form of a verb. *Example: このコンピュータを教えていただけませんか？ (Would you please teach me about this computer?)* - **Expressing Hope (といいですね or といいんですが)**: - - **For Others (〜といいですね / 〜といいね)**: Expresses hope for someone else. Added after a plain form verb, い-adjective, or な-adjective. - - *Example: 早くよくなるといいですね (I hope you get better soon.)* - - *Example: 合格するといいですね (I hope you pass the exam.)* - - **For Oneself (〜といいんですが / 〜といいんだけど / 〜といいな)**: Expresses hope for oneself. - - *Example: すてきな人と結婚できるといいんですが (I hope I can marry a wonderful person.)* - - *Example: 給料は上がるといいんですが (I hope my salary rises.)* + - **For Others (〜といいですね / 〜といいね)**: Expresses hope for someone else. *Example: 早くよくなるといいですね (I hope you get better soon.)* + - **For Oneself (〜といいんですが / 〜といいんだけど / 〜といいな)**: Expresses hope for oneself. *Example: すてきな人と結婚できるといいんですが (I hope I can marry a wonderful person.)* -- **Expressing When (とき)**: Added to the plain form of a verb to create a time-referencing clause. The tense of the verb before とき indicates the timing of the main action. - - **Present Tense + とき**: The main action occurs *during* the action in the とき clause. - - *Example: 会社に行く時に友達を会いました。 (I met my friend on the way to work.)* - - **Past Tense + とき**: The main action occurs *after* the action in the とき clause was completed. - - *Example: パリに行った時にこのかばんを買いました。 (When I went to Paris, I bought this bag.)* +- **Expressing "When" (とき)**: Added to the plain form of a verb to create a time-referencing clause. The tense of the verb before とき indicates the timing. + - **Present Tense + とき**: Main action occurs *during* the clause action. *Example: 会社に行く時に友達を会いました。 (I met my friend on the way to work.)* + - **Past Tense + とき**: Main action occurs *after* the clause action was completed. *Example: パリに行った時にこのかばんを買いました。 (When I went to Paris, I bought this bag.)* -- **Expressing Apology (てすみませんでした)**: Used to apologize for an action, often for something that couldn't be done. - - **Formula**: Verb (て-form) + すみませんでした - - **Note**: If apologizing for *not* doing something, use the negative て-form (なくて). +- **Expressing Apology (てすみませんでした)**: Used to apologize for an action. For not doing something, use the negative て-form (なくて). - *Example*: パーティーへ行かなくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry I couldn't go to the party.) - - *Example*: 本をなくして、すみませんでした (I'm sorry for losing the book.) - - *Example: 宿題を持って来なくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry for not bringing the homework.)* - -
- - **Quoting Someone Informal (tte iimashita)** - 2025-11-25 A less formal equivalent of `〜と言います` for quoting others. It requires the verb preceding it to be in the plain (dictionary) form, not the -ます form. The latter part of the phrase (e.g., `言いました`) is often omitted in casual conversation. - - **Formula**: Plain Form + って言いました / って - - **Examples**: - - *A-sanが”明日は休む”って言いました* (A-san said, "I'm off tomorrow.") - - *A-sanが「会議は午後からだ」って* (A-san said, "The meeting is from the afternoon.") - - *A-sanが「資料を作って」って* (A-san said, "Make the materials.") - - *ニュースで「けいざいがよくなっている」って* (The news said, "The economy is improving.") - - - **Conditional If (moshidattara or tara)** - 2025-11-25 A common, less formal way to express "if" (less formal than `なら`). - - **Verb**: Conjugate the verb to its plain past tense (た-form) and add `ら`. - - *Example: もしたくさんお金が**あったら**、新しい車を買います。* (If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.) - - **Noun or な-Adjective**: Add `だったら`. - - *Example: **もし**明日はいい天気**だったら**、ビーチにいきます。* (If the weather is good tomorrow, I'll go to the beach.) - - **Negative Noun/な-Adj**: Conjugate the noun/adjective to the negative plain past `じゃなかった` and add `ら`. - - **い-Adjective**: Replace the final `い` with `かったら`. - - *Example: もし週末は**晴れだったら**、公園で遊びます。* (If it's sunny this weekend, we'll play at the park.) - - - **Trying To (temiru)** - 2025-11-20 To express the idea of trying something out, you conjugate a verb to its て-form and then append the verb みる. Since みる is a regular verb itself, it can be conjugated into other forms, allowing for flexible expressions. - - **Formula**: Verb (て-form) + みる - - **Conjugation Examples**: - - `〜みてもいいですか?` - Is it okay if I try...? - - `〜みたい` - I want to try... - - **Usage Examples**: - - *新しいレストランに行ってみます。* (I'll try going to a new restaurant.) - - *この服は着てみてもいいですか？* (Is it okay if I try on these clothes?) - - *この靴はサイズが合いますか？履いてみてもいいですか？* (Do these shoes fit my size? Can I try them on?) - - *この本は面白いですか？読んでみてもいいですか？* (Is this book interesting? May I try reading it?) - - *沖縄のがまを見てみたい。* (I want to try to see the caves in Okinawa.) -- **Hearsay (そうです)** - 2025-11-20 This pattern is used to report information that you have heard from another source. It is appended to the plain (non-polite) form of verbs andい-adjectives. For な-adjectives and nouns, you must add だ before そうです. - - **Formula**: Plain Form (Verb/Adjective) + そうです - - **Formula (Noun/な-Adj)**: Noun/な-Adj + だ + そうです - - **Citing a Source**: To mention where you heard the information, use the pattern: `[Source] + によると`. - - **Usage Examples**: - - *今日は雨だそうです。* (I heard it will rain today.) - - *天気予報によると今日は雨が降るそうです。* (According to the weather forecast, I heard it will rain today.) - - *明日は天気予報によると寒くなるそうです。* (I heard from the weather report that it will get cold tomorrow.) - - *週末は天気予報によると嵐になるそうです。* (I heard from the weather report that it will become stormy this weekend.) -- **Confirmation Conditions (ra)** - 2025-12-04 This pattern is used to express a conditional, similar to "if" or "when" in English. It's formed by taking the past tense plain form of a verb (the た-form) and adding `ら`. It indicates that the second clause of the sentence will happen after the condition in the first clause is met. This is a very common and versatile conditional form. - - **Formation:** - - Verb (た-form) + ら - - い-Adjective (stem) + かったら - - な-Adjective / Noun + だったら - - **Key Usage:** - - Indicates a specific, often one-time, condition and result. - - Can be used for things that are certain to happen (e.g., "When I turn 20...") or hypothetical situations. - - Often used when the first action is a necessary prerequisite for the second. - - **Examples**: - - *彼女は二十歳**なったら**、会社に入社します。* - **After** the girl turns 20, then she can enter the work force. - - *年を取ったら、田舎に住みたい* - When I grow old, I want to live on the country side. - - *駅に着いたら, 電話してください* - When you get to the station, please give me a call. - - *今日は家に帰ったら、何をしますか。* - When you return home today, what will you do？ (Asking questions) +- **Conditionals and Sequencing**: + - **Conditional "If" (〜たら / 〜なら)** - *Updated: 2025-11-25*: `〜たら` is a common conditional formed with the past-tense plain form (た-form). `〜なら` is used for hypotheticals or contrasts based on a premise. + - *Example (たら)*: もしたくさんお金が**あったら**、新しい車を買います。 (If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.) + - *Example (なら)*: 車のことなら、彼が詳しいです。 (If it's about cars, he knows a lot.) + - **Natural Consequence "When/If" (と)** - *Updated: 2026-01-14*: Used for natural, inevitable consequences. The verb before と is present tense. This form cannot be followed by expressions of will or requests. + - **Special Note**: This pattern is for natural consequences. If you want to express your own will, desire, or make a request after the condition (e.g., using `～たいです`, `～てください`), you should use the `～たら` conditional form instead. + - *Example: 冬になると寒くなります。* (When winter comes, it gets cold.) + - **Sequential Action "After" (〜てから)** - *Added: 2025-12-23*: Emphasizes that one action happens only after another is completed. + - *Example: シャワーを浴びてから、ご飯を食べます。* (After I take a shower, I will eat.) -- **Need Not To (nakutemo iidesu)** - 2025-12-04 This grammatical pattern expresses that there is no necessity to perform an action. It's the equivalent of saying "you don't have to..." or "it's okay if you don't..." in English. It's formed by taking the negative `ない` form of a verb, dropping the final `い`, and adding `くてもいいです`. - - **Formation:** - - Verb (ない-form, drop い) + くてもいいです - - Example: `行く` (iku) -> `行かない` (ikanai) -> `行かなくてもいいです` (ikanakutemo ii desu) - - **Key Usage:** - - Grants permission *not* to do something. - - It is the opposite of `〜なければなりません` (must do) and `〜てはいけません` (must not do). - - It's a softer, more polite expression than a direct command. - - **Examples**: - - *ホテルでかばんを持たなくてもいいです。* - At the hotel, its ok if you don't hold my bags//don't need to hold my bags. - - *日曜日は早く起きなくてもいいです* - On Sundays, its ok to not wake up early. - - *日曜日は仕事に行かなくてもいいです* - I don't need to go to work on Sundays. - - *AIがあったら、仕事をしなくてもいいです* - If there's AI, we don't need to work. - - *自動チェックインをしたら、カウンターに行かなくてもいいです.* - If you use self check in, you don't need to go to the counter. +- **Expressing "Looks Like" (〜みたいです)** - *Added: 2025-12-11*: Used to make comparisons or observations. + - *Example (Comparison)*: *彼の頭はコンピュータみたいです。* (His brain is like a computer.) + - *Example (Observation)*: *雨が降ったみたいです。* (It looks like it rained.) -
+- **"Before" an Action (前に)** - *Added: 2025-12-11*: Indicates an action happens before another. The verb before 前に is always dictionary form. + - *Example: ご飯を食べる前に、手を洗います。* (Before you eat, wash your hands.) -- **Looks Like (~mitai desu)** - 2025-12-11: Used to express that something "looks like" or "seems like" something else. It can be used with verbs, nouns, and adjectives to create similes or make observations. - - **Formation**: - - **Verb (plain form) + みたいです** - - **Noun + みたいです** - - **Adjective + みたいです** (used for observation, not metaphor) - - **Key Usage**: - - **Metaphor/Simile (Nouns):** Creates a comparison, e.g., "His brain is like a computer." - - **Observation/Hearsay (Verbs/Adjectives):** Expresses an impression, e.g., "It looks like the baby is hungry." - - **Examples**: - - *事項が起きたみたいです* - It looks like the accident happened. - - *彼の頭はコンピュータみたいです* - His brain is like a computer. - - *四月なのに夏見たいです* - Even though it's April, it feels like Summer. +- **"No Need To" (〜なくてもいいです)** - *Added: 2025-12-04*: Expresses that there is no necessity to do an action. Formed from the negative `ない` form. + - *Example: 日曜日は早く起きなくてもいいです。* (On Sundays, it's okay to not wake up early.) -- **Before (mae ni)** - 2025-12-11: Used to indicate that one action happens before another. - - **Formation**: - - **Verb (dictionary form) + 前に** - - **Noun + の + 前に** - - **Key Usage**: The verb in the `前に` clause is always in the non-past, non-polite form. - - **Examples**: - - *ご飯を食べる前に、手を洗います* - Before you eat dinner, wash your hands. - - *仕事の前に、休憩します* - Before work, take a break. - - *寝る前に、宿題をします* - Before sleep, I do homework. +- **Completion or Regret (〜てしまいます)** - *Added: 2026-01-08*: Can express completion of an action, or disappointment/regret about an action. + - *Example (Completion)*: レポートを書いてしまいます。 (I have to finish writing the report.) + - *Example (Regret)*: 財布が無くなってしまいました。 (My wallet is gone [and I'm sad about it].) -- **Cause and Effect with (と)** - 2025-12-23: Used to show a direct cause and effect relationship, similar to "if" or "when" in English, but with a strong sense of certainty that the result will follow the cause. - - **Formation**: - - **Verb (dictionary form) + と** - - **Key Usage**: The result in the second clause is a natural or inevitable consequence of the action in the first clause. - - **Examples**: - - *うまくいくと, いいですね* - If things go smoothly, it'll be good. - - *ご飯を食べると、ねむくなります。* - If I eat lunch, I'll then become sleepy. +- **Multi-tasking (〜ながら)** - *Added: 2026-01-14*: Connects two actions happening simultaneously. Added to the verb stem (pre-ます form). The second verb is the main action. + - *Example: 音楽を聴きながら、仕事をしています。* (While listening to music, I am working.) + - *Example: テレビを見て、クッキーを食べながら、携帯を使います。* (I watch TV, eat cookies, and use my phone.) + - *Example: タバコを吸いながら、歩きます。* (While smoking tobacco, I walk.) -- **Connecting Verbs with (てから)** - 2025-12-23: This pattern is used to show that one action takes place after another action is completed. It clarifies the sequence of events. - - **Formation**: - - **Verb (て-form) + から** - - **Key Usage**: Emphasizes the completion of the first action before the second one begins. - - **Examples**: - - *シャワーを浴びてから、ご飯を食べます* - After I take a shower, I will eat. - - *宿題が終わってから、寝ます。* - After I finish my homework, I will sleep. - -- **Transitive (他動詞) and Intransitive (自動詞) Verbs** - 2025-12-23: This is a fundamental concept in Japanese grammar that distinguishes between verbs that require a direct object and those that do not. - - **Transitive Verbs (他動詞 - tadoushi)**: - - An action done *by* a subject *to* an object. - - The object is marked with the particle **を (o)**. - - *Example: 私が電気**を**つけます。* (I turn on the light.) - - **Intransitive Verbs (自動詞 - jidoushi)**: - - An action that happens *on its own*. There is no direct object. - - The subject is marked with the particle **が (ga)**. - - *Example: 電気**が**つきます。* (The light is on.) - - **Common Pairs**: Many verbs come in pairs. Learning them together is an effective way to master their usage. - - 開ける (akeru - to open) / 開く (aku - to be open) - - 閉める (shimeru - to close) / 閉まる (shimaru - to be closed) - - 入れる (ireru - to put in) / 入る (hairu - to enter) - - 出す (dasu - to take out) / 出る (deru - to go out) - - 消す (kesu - to turn off) / 消える (kieru - to disappear) - - When using Intransitive Verbs, its usually best to use ～ている form, because the thing is in a state of being whatever. - -| **Transitive (他動詞)** | **Intransitive (自動詞)** | **English Meaning** | -| -------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------------- | -| **開ける** (あける) | **開く** (あく) | To open | -| **閉める** (しめる) | **閉まる** (しまる) | To close | -| **入れる** (いれる) | **入る** (はいる) | To put in / To enter | -| **出す** (だす) | **出る** (でる) | To take out / To go out | -| **点ける** (つける) | **点く** (つく) | To turn on (light/appliance) | -| **消す** (けす) | **消える** (きえる) | To turn off / To disappear | -| **壊す** (こわす) | **壊れる** (こわれる) | To break | -| **汚す** (よごす) | **汚れる** (よごれる) | To make dirty / To get dirty | -| **落とす** (おとす) | **落ちる** (おちる) | To drop / To fall | -| **沸かす** (わかす) | **沸く** (わく) | To boil (water) | -| 割る (わる) | 割れる (われる) | To shatter | -| 折る (おる) | 折れる (おれる) | To Fold | -| 無くす (なくす) | 無くなる (なくなる) | To lose an object | +- **Prayers or Hopes (〜ように)** - *Added: 2025-12-31*: Used to express a wish or prayer. Often used with the potential form. + - *Example: 健康でいられますように。* (I hope I can stay healthy.) ## Vocabulary @@ -425,6 +291,12 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u - **Natural Phenomena:** - 2025-11-25: 断水 (だんすい) - Water Main/Cut, 地震 (じしん) - Earthquake, 洗濯 (せんたく) - Laundry - **Other:** 軍隊 (ぐんたい) - Military, おく - Billion, 自動チェックイン (じどうチェックイン) - Self Check-in +### Vocabulary - 2026-01-08 +- **線路 (せんろ)** - Line, usually refers to the tracks at a station +- **試合 (しあい)** - Sports Match +- **遅れる (おくれる)** - To be late +- **着く (つく)** - To arrive + ### Vocabulary - 2026-01-14 - 少しずつ -> ずつ means "little by little" @@ -509,40 +381,3 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u - **いただきます** - Said before eating - **おなかがすきます** - I'm hungry - **のどがかわきました** - I'm thirsty - -## Grammar - 2026-01-08 - -### To Finish/To complete (~てしまいます) -When you need to say "I need to finish something" or to complete something, use -て form, and then add "~しまいます". This is the て form of the verb, combined with しまう, which has many means, but here means to put away. So in order to put something away, it has to be done and finished. - -- **Example (Finish Writing):** レポート を 書いてしまいます (I have to finish writing down the report.) -- **Example (Finish Homework):** 宿題をしてしまいます (I have to finish my homework.) - -#### Unexpected Completion (しまいました) -If you finished something unexpectedly, you can add the past tense of しまいます, which is しまいました, after the て verb. - -- **Example (Finished Homework!):** 宿題おわてしまいました (I've finished my homework!) -- **Example (Drank all the beer!):** 全部のビールを飲んでしまいました (I drank all the beer!) - -#### Expressing Disappointment (しまいました) -If something happened and you want to express disappointment, you can also use しまいました. - -- **Example (Broken Phone):** 先週買った携帯が壊れてしまいました (The cell phone I bought last week is broken.) -- **Example (Lost Wallet):** 財布が無くなてしまいました (My wallet is missing.) -- **Example (Left Umbrella):** 私が電車に傘を忘れてしまいました (I left my umbrella on the train.) -- **Example (Dropped Phone):** 駅で線路に携帯を落としてしまいました (I dropped my cell phone onto the tracks at the train station.) -- **Example (Lost Match):** 試合で彼女が負けてしまいました (She lost the match.) -- **Example (Late for Class):** タクシーに乗りました、でも授業に遅れてしまいました (I took a taxi, but I still ended up being late for class.) - -### Connecting Sentences with と -You can connect different actions, in order, using と. The verb before と must be in present tense, but can be in regular or polite form. - -- **Example (Arrived at Post Office):** 百メートル歩くと郵便局に着きました (After walking a hundred meters, I arrived at the post office.) -- **Example (Juice from button):** バトンを押しますとジュースが出ます。 (When you press the button, juice will come out.) - -## Vocabulary - 2026-01-08 - -- **線路 (せんろ)** - Line, usually refers to the tracks at a station -- **試合 (しあい)** - Sports Match -- **遅れる (おくれる)** - To be late -- **着く (つく)** - To arrive \ No newline at end of file