--- type: Classes title: 04/16/2025 - Japanese Class date: '2025-04-16' --- # **I. Basic Vocabulary:** - **授業 (じゅぎょう) - Jugyō:** Class (as in a lesson or course) - **席 (せき) - Seki:** Seat - **かばん - Kaban:** Bag (general term for briefcase, purse, etc.) - **記念式 (きねんしき) - Kinen-shiki:** Memorial (often refers to a ceremony or commemoration) - **教室 (きょうしつ) - Kyōshitsu:** Classroom (literally "teaching room") - **教師 (きょうし) - Kyōshi:** Teacher (literally "teaching person" - used when introducing yourself, not the honorific "先生 - sensei") - **黒板 (こくばん) - Kokuban:** Blackboard - **リュックサック (ryukkusakku):** Backpack - The Japanese word **リュックサック (ryukkusakku)** comes directly from the German word **"Rucksack."** - **鉛筆 (えんぴつ) - Enpitsu:** Pencil - **パソコン (pasokon):** Personal computer - **テレビ (terebi):** Television - **開拓者 (かいたくしゃ) - Kaitaku-sha:** Pioneer # **II. Counting (General Counter - つ - tsu):** - **一つ (ひとつ) - Hitotsu:** One (thing) - **二つ (ふたつ) - Futatsu:** Two (things) - **三つ (みっつ) - Mittsu:** Three (things) - **四つ (よっつ) - Yottsu:** Four (things) - **五つ (いつつ) - Itsutsu:** Five (things) - **六つ (むっつ) - Muttsu:** Six (things) - **七つ (ななつ) - Nanatsu:** Seven (things) - **八つ (やっつ) - Yattsu:** Eight (things) - **九つ (ここのつ) - Kokonotsu:** Nine (things) - **十 (とお) - Tō:** Ten (things) - **十一個 (じゅういっこ) - Jū-ikko:** Eleven (things) - **十二個 (じゅうにこ) - Jū-niko:** Twelve (things) - **十三個 (じゅうさんこ) - Jū-sanko:** Thirteen (things) - **十四個 (じゅうよんこ) - Jū-yonko:** Fourteen (things) - **十五個 (じゅうごこ) - Jū-goko:** Fifteen (things) - **十六個 (じゅうろっこ) - Jū-rokko:** Sixteen (things) - **十七個 (じゅうななつ/じゅうしちこ) - Jūnanatsu/Jūshichiko:** Seventeen (things) - **十八個 (じゅうはちこ) - Jū-hachiko:** Eighteen (things) - **十九個 (じゅうきゅうこ/じゅうくこ) - Jū-kyūko/Jū-kuko:** Nineteen (things) - **二十 (にじゅう) - Nijū:** Twenty (things) - **Note:** For numbers 11-19, you generally combine the number ten (十 - jū) with the counter -こ (-ko) for general counting. For 17 and 19, both "-nanatsu" and "-shichiko" (for 17), and "-kyūko" and "-kuko" (for 19) are possible, though "-ko" is more common in modern usage for these higher numbers. # **III. Times of Day:** - **午後 (ごご) - Gogo:** Afternoon (PM) - **午後は二時に帰りました (ごご は にじ に かえりました) - Gogo wa niji ni kaerimashita:** I returned home at two in the afternoon. - **昼寝 (ひるね) - Hirune:** Nap (specifically taken in the afternoon) - **昼寝しませんでした、でも夕寝しました (ひるね しませんでした、でも ゆうね しました) - Hirune shimasen deshita, demo yūne shimashita:** I didn't take an afternoon nap, but I did take an evening nap. - **夕寝 (ゆうね) - Yūne:** Nap (taken in the evening) - **夕方 (ゆうがた) - Yūgata:** Early evening (around sunset) - **夕方に夕寝しました (ゆうがた に ゆうね しました) - Yūgata ni yūne shimashita:** I took a nap in the early evening. - **今日は (きょうは) - Kyō wa:** Today - **今日はsweet teaを飲みませんでした、でも水だけ飲みました (きょう は sweet tea を のみませんでした、でも みず だけ のみました) - Kyō wa sweet tea o nomimasen deshita, demo mizu dake nomimashita:** I didn't drink sweet tea today, but I only drank water. # **IV. Other Vocabulary and Grammar:** ![image](Images/Media/image%20(35).png) [image](Images/image%20(35).md) - **いくつか (ikutsu):** How many - **教室はカバンをふたつあります (きょうしつ は カバン を ふたつ あります) - Kyōshitsu wa kaban o futatsu arimasu:** There are two bags in the classroom. (Note: The particle は - wa - marks the topic, and を - o - marks the direct object.) - 教室 **(きょしつ) - Kyōshitsu:** Classroom - 教室**に教師がいます (きょしつ に きょうし が います) - Kyōshitsu ni kyōshi ga imasu:** The teacher is in the classroom. (Note: The particle に - ni - indicates the location where the teacher exists, and が - ga - marks the subject.) - **テレビは**教室**の左にあります (テレビ は きょしつ の ひだり に あります) - Terebi wa kyoshitsu no hidari ni arimasu:** The television is to the left of the room. (Note: の - no - connects nouns, and に - ni - indicates the location.) - **外 (そと) - Soto:** Outside - **外は犬がいます (そと は いぬ が います) - Soto wa inu ga imasu:** There is a dog outside. (Note: は - wa - marks the topic.) - **時計 (とけい) - Tokei:** Clock - **時計は黒板の上にあります (とけい は こくばん の うえ に あります) - Tokei wa kokuban no ue ni arimasu:** The clock is on the blackboard. (Note: の - no - connects nouns, and 上に - ue ni - means "on top of".) - **机 (つくえ) - Tsukue:** Desk - **リュックサックは机の上にあります (リュックサック は つくえ の うえ に あります) - Ryukkusakku wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu:** The backpack is on the desk. - **〜があります (〜があります) - ~ ga arimasu:** There is/are (for inanimate objects) - **鉛筆は二つがあります (えんぴつ は ふたつ が あります) - Enpitsu wa futatsu ga arimasu:** There are two pencils. - **明日は星があります (あした は ほし が あります) - Ashita wa hoshi ga arimasu:** Tomorrow there is service (likely referring to a religious service, "星" - hoshi - meaning "star" is unusual here and might be a misunderstanding or specific local term. It's more likely referring to 奉仕 (ほうし - hōshi) meaning service, especially religious service. However, sticking to the note: "Tomorrow there is service.") - **明日は仕事もあります (あした は しごと も あります) - Ashita wa shigoto mo arimasu:** Tomorrow there is also work. - **明日は学校もあります (あした は がっこう も あります) - Ashita wa gakkō mo arimasu:** Tomorrow there is also school. - **〜にいます (〜にいます) - ~ ni imasu:** There is/are (for animate objects) - **パソコンは先生の前にあります (パソコン は せんせい の まえ に あります) - Pasokon wa sensei no mae ni arimasu:** The computer is in front of the teacher. (Note: 前に - mae ni - means "in front of".) - **残り物 (のこりもの) - Nokorimono:** Leftovers - **今日は残り物を食べました (きょう は のこりもの を たべました) - Kyō wa nokorimono o tabemashita:** I ate leftovers today. - **も (mo):** Also - **カフェにいきます (kafe ni ikimasu):** I will go to a cafe. - **近郊にも行きます (きんこう に も いきます) - Kinkō ni mo ikimasu:** I will also go to the suburbs. (Note: 近郊 - kinkō - means suburbs or nearby area. The particle に - ni - indicates the destination.) - **図書館で本を読みます (としょかん で ほん を よみます) - Toshokan de hon o yomimasu:** I will read a book at the library. (Note: で - de - indicates the place where the action occurs.) - **うちでも本を読みます (うち で も ほん を よみます) - Uchi de mo hon o yomimasu:** I will also read a book at home. - **Grammar Note on も (mo) with Location Particles:** When using も (also) with location particles に (to/at) and で (at/in), the particles に and で come *before* も. This indicates "also to this place" or "also at this place." ![image](Images/Media/image%20(38).png) [image](Images/image%20(38).md) - **ぐらい (gurai):** About, approximately (placed after a specific quantity or time) - **ほど (hodo):** About, approximately (similar to ぐらい but often used in more formal writing) - **どれぐらい (dore gurai):** How much / How long / How many (used when asking about an approximate amount or duration) - **〜ています (〜te imasu):** Present continuous tense (indicates an ongoing action or state) - **十年ぐらいしています (じゅうねん ぐらい しています) - Jūnen gurai shite imasu:** I have been doing it for about ten years. (The "it" depends on the context of the conversation.) 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