---
type: Classes
title: ALL JAPANESE NOTES
date: null
---

Of course. Here are your Japanese language notes, organized by topic with clear markdown headings.

---

## Grammar

### Parts of Speech

- **めいし (名詞)** - Noun

- **どうし (動詞)** - Verb

- **けいようし (形容詞)** - Adjective

- **じょし (助詞)** - Particle

- **しゅご (主語)** - Subject of a sentence

### Particles

- **か** - Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.

- **の** - Connects two nouns (Noun 1 + の + Noun 2), where Noun 1 modifies or describes Noun 2.

    - *Example:* 僕**の**傘 (ぼくのかさ) - My umbrella.

- **に**

    - Indicates a specific point in time (e.g., 七月**に** - in July; 午後七時**に** - at 7 pm).

    - Indicates purpose when used with a verb stem (e.g., 泳ぎ**に**行きます - go to swim).

    - Indicates location of existence with verbs like います/あります.

- **で** - Indicates the location where an action takes place or the means by which an action is done ("by").

    - *Example (Location):* 図書館**で**本を読みます (としょかんでほんをよみます) - I read a book at the library.

    - *Example (Means):* 車**で**行きます (くるまでいきます) - I will go by car.

- **も** - Means "also" or "too." When used with location particles に and で, the particle comes first (e.g., 近郊**にも**行きます - I will also go to the suburbs).

- **が** - Marks the subject of a sentence, especially with existence verbs (います/あります) or for the object of liking/disliking with adjectives like 好き (suki).

- **を** - Marks the direct object of a verb.

### Verb Conjugations

#### て-form (Te-form)

The て-form is used to connect verbs, make requests, and in many other grammatical patterns. To convert a dictionary-form verb to its て-form, follow these rules based on the verb's final sound:

- Verbs ending in **う (u), つ (tsu), る (ru)** → change to **って (tte)**

    - *Example:* 会う (au) → 会って (atte); 待つ (matsu) → 待って (matte)

- Verbs ending in **ぬ (nu), む (mu), ぶ (bu)** → change to **んで (nde)**

    - *Example:* 飲む (nomu) → 飲んで (nonde)

- Verbs ending in **く (ku)** → change to **いて (ite)**

    - *Example:* 歩く (aruku) → 歩いて (aruite)

- Verbs ending in **ぐ (gu)** → change to **いで (ide)**

    - *Example:* 泳ぐ (oyogu) → 泳いで (oyoide)

- Verbs ending in **す (su)** → change to **して (shite)**

    - *Example:* 話す (hanasu) → 話して (hanashite)

- **Irregular Verbs:**

    - する (suru) → して (shite)

    - くる (kuru) → きて (kite)

**Usages of the て-form:**

- **〜てください** - Please do...

- **〜てもいいですか** - May I do...?

- **〜てはいけません / 〜てはだめです** - You must not do...

- **〜て〜て...** - To list activities in sequential order. The final verb in the sequence is not in て-form.

- **〜ています** - Present continuous tense (e.g., "I am doing...").

- **まだ + 〜ていません** - I haven't done... yet.

#### Non-Polite (Plain) Form

- **のむ** (nomu - to drink)

    - Negative: のまない (nomanai)

    - Past: のんだ (nonda)

    - Past Negative: のまなかった (nomanakatta)

- **くる** (kuru - to come)

    - Negative: こない (konai)

    - Past: きた (kita)

    - Past Negative: こなかった (konakatta)

- **ある** (aru - to exist, inanimate)

    - Negative: ない (nai)

    - Past: あった (atta)

    - Past Negative: なかった (nakatta)

#### Potential Form ("Can do")

- **Godan Verbs (u-verbs):** Change the final "u" sound to an "e" sound.

    - かく (kaku - to write) → かける (kakeru - can write)

    - はなす (hanasu - to speak) → はなせる (hanaseru - can speak)

- **Ichidan Verbs (ru-verbs):** Remove the final る (ru) and add られる (rareru).

    - たべる (taberu - to eat) → たべられる (taberareru - can eat)

- **Irregular Verbs:**

    - する (suru - to do) → できる (dekiru - can do)

    - くる (kuru - to come) → こられる (korareru - can come)

### Adjective Conjugations

#### い-Adjectives (i-keiyoushi)

- **Negative:** Replace い (i) with **くない (kunai)**.

- **Past:** Replace い (i) with **かった (katta)**.

- **Past Negative:** Replace い (i) with **くなかった (kunakatta)**.

- **Connecting (Te-form):** To link multiple い-adjectives, replace the final い (i) with **くて (kute)**. The final adjective in the list remains in its standard form.

    - *Example:* 新しくて、安いです (atarashikute, yasui desu) - It's new and cheap.

#### な-Adjectives (na-keiyoushi)

- **Negative:** Add **じゃありません (ja arimasen)**.

- **Past:** Add **でした (deshita)**.

- **Past Negative:** Add **じゃありませんでした (ja arimasen deshita)**.

- **Connecting (Te-form):** To link multiple な-adjectives, add **で (de)** after the adjective. The final adjective in the list remains in its standard form.

    - *Example:* 便利で、きれいです (benri de, kirei desu) - It's convenient and clean.

### Sentence Structures

- **Making Invitations:**

    - **〜ませんか (masen ka?)** - Polite invitation ("Would you like to...?").

    - **〜ましょう (mashō)** - Suggestion ("Let's...").

    - **〜ましょうか (mashō ka?)** - Suggestion/Offer ("Shall we...? / Shall I...?").

- **Expressing "I think..." (〜と思います)**: Place と思います (to omoimasu) after a phrase in the non-polite tense.

    - *Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ (da).*

    - *Example:* 明日は雨**だ**と思います (Ashita wa ame da to omoimasu) - I think it will rain tomorrow.

- **Quoting Someone (〜と言います)**: Use 「 」(かぎかっこ - kagikakko) for direct quotes followed by と言います (to iimasu) or と言いました (to iimashita).

    - *Example:* Aさんは「かいぎはごごからです」と言いました - Mr. A said, "The meeting is from the afternoon."

- **Expressing Reason (〜から / 〜ので)**: Both mean "because" or "so." ので (node) is generally more formal/polite than から (kara).

    - *Example:* 仕事を遅くまでした**ので**、集会に遅れました (Shigoto o osoku made shita node, shūkai ni okuremashita) - Because I worked late, I was late to the meeting.

- **Making Comparisons:**

    - **A の方が B より ADJ です** - A is more ADJ than B.

    - *Example:* 日本語の方が英語より難しいです (Nihongo no hō ga eigo yori muzukashii desu) - Japanese is more difficult than English.

- **Expressing Superlatives:**

    - **[Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか？** - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]?

    - *Example:* 日本りょりの中でどれが一番美味しいですか？(Nihon ryōri no naka de dore ga ichiban oishii desu ka?) - Among Japanese food, which is the most delicious?

- **Expressing Intention (〜つもりです)**: Use a non-polite verb followed by つもりです (tsumori desu) to state you plan to do something.

    - *Example:* 来年に英語のしけんを受ける**つもりです** - I plan to take the English exam next year.

- **Expressing "To Become" (〜になる / 〜くなる)**:

    - **Noun / な-Adjective + になる**: To become a noun or na-adjective.

    - **い-Adjective (stem) + くなる**: To become an i-adjective.

    - *Example:* 薬を飲んで、元気**になりました** - I drank the medicine and became healthy.

    - *Example:* クーラーをつけて、寒**くなりました** - I turned on the A/C and it became cold.

- **Expressing "I want to..." (〜たい)**: Change the ます (masu) form of a verb to 〜たい (tai). Conjugates like an い-adjective.

    - **Want to:** 食べたい (tabetai)

    - **Don't want to:** 食べたくない (tabetakunai)

    - **Wanted to:** 食べたかった (tabetakatta)

    - **Didn't want to:** 食べたくなかった (tabetakunakatta)

- **Expressing someone else wants (〜たがる)**: To describe observations of another person's desire.

    - *Example:* 彼女はかばんを欲し**がっています** - She seems to want the bag.

- **Listing Activities Loosely (〜たり〜たりする)**: Lists example activities without a specific order. The verb form is たり (tari) for all items, ending with します/しました.

    - *Example:* 週末は、本を読ん**だり**、映画を見**たり**します - On weekends I do things like read books and watch movies.

- **Expressing Experience (〜たことがあります)**: Use the past tense (た-form) of a verb followed by ことがあります (koto ga arimasu).

    - *Example:* 富士山に登っ**たことがあります** - I have the experience of climbing Mt. Fuji.

- **Expressing "Too much" (〜すぎる)**:

    - **Verbs:** Add すぎる to the verb stem (e.g., 飲みます → 飲みすぎる).

    - **Adjectives:** Add すぎる to the adjective stem (e.g., 高い → 高すぎる; 静か → 静かすぎる).

    - *Example:* ビールを飲み**すぎて**二日酔いです - I drank too much beer and have a hangover.

- **Giving Advice (〜方がいい)**: "It would be better to..."

    - **Affirmative:** Past tense verb + 方がいい (hō ga ii).

    - **Negative:** Negative verb + 方がいい (hō ga ii).

    - *Example:* 休んだ**方がいい**ですよ - It would be better if you rested.

- **Expressing "Probably" (〜でしょう)**: Used for predictions, especially about the future (like weather).

    - *Example:* 明日は晴れる**でしょう** - It will probably be sunny tomorrow.

- **Listing Multiple Reasons (〜し)**: Used to list multiple reasons for a result.

    - *Example:* お金がない**し**、雨が降っている**し**、家で本を読みます - I have no money and it's raining, so I'll read a book at home.

- **Expressing "Seems to be..." (〜そうです)**: Used to describe an impression based on appearance.

    - *Example:* 彼女は嬉し**そうです** - She seems happy.

---

## Vocabulary

### Nouns

#### People & Titles

- **うんてんしゅ (運転手)** - Driver

- **おとしより (お年寄り)** - Elderly person

- **かいしゃいん (会社員)** - Office worker

- **かいたくしゃ (開拓者)** - Pioneer

- **きょうし (教師)** - Teacher (formal term)

- **きょうだい (兄弟)** - Spiritual Brother

- **しゃちょう (社長)** - Boss / Company President

- **せんせい (先生)** - Teacher (honorific)

- **ちょうろ (長老)** - Elder

- **りきし (力士) / おすもうさん** - Sumo Wrestler

#### Places

- **いえ (家)** - House

- **おうこくかいかん (王国会館)** - Kingdom Hall

- **きょうしつ (教室)** - Classroom

- **きんこう (近郊)** - Suburbs

- **くうこう (空港)** - Airport

- **こうえん (公園)** - Park

- **しやくしょ (市役所)** - City Hall

- **ちかてつ (地下鉄)** - Subway

- **としょかん (図書館)** - Library

- **びじゅつかん (美術館)** - Art Museum

- **みんしゅく (民宿)** - Bed & Breakfast (like Airbnb)

- **ゆうびんきょく (郵便局)** - Post office

#### Time & Frequency

- **あさって (明後日)** - The day after tomorrow

- **いちにちじゅう (一日中)** - All day

- **いつ (itsu)** - When

- **おととい (一昨日)** - Two days ago

- **ごご (午後)** - Afternoon (PM)

- **こんど (今度)** - Next time

- **しあさって (明明後日)** - Two days after tomorrow

- **しちがつ (七月)** - July

- **しゅう (週)** - Week

- **しょうがつ (正月) / しんねん (新年)** - New Years

- **たいかんおんど (体感温度)** - "Feels like" temperature

- **としにいちど (年に一度)** - Once a year

- **ひるね (昼寝)** - Afternoon nap

- **まいしゅう (毎週)** - Every week

- **もうすぐ (mō sugu)** - Very soon

- **やすみ (休み)** - Holiday / Day off

- **ゆうがた (夕方)** - Early evening

- **ゆうね (夕寝)** - Evening nap

#### Food & Drink

- **ごはん (ご飯)** - Cooked rice / Meal

- **しお (塩)** - Salt

- **すきやき (すき焼き)** - Sukiyaki

- **にんじん (人参)** - Carrots

- **のこりもの (残り物)** - Leftovers

- **ひやしちゅうか (冷やし中華)** - Cold Ramen

- **やきにく (焼き肉)** - BBQ / Grilled meat

- **やしょく (夜食)** - Late night snack

#### Objects & Concepts

- **いさん (遺産)** - Heritage / Legacy

- **えんぴつ (鉛筆)** - Pencil

- **かばん (kaban)** - Bag

- **かみ (髪)** - Hair

- **きねんしき (記念式)** - Memorial / Commemoration

- **きもち (気持ち)** - Feeling

- **きょか (許可)** - Permission

- **くつ (靴)** - Shoes

- **くるま (車)** - Car

- **けいたい (携帯)** - Cell phone

- **こくばん (黒板)** - Blackboard

- **ことば (言葉)** - Word

- **じゅぎょう (授業)** - Class / Lesson

- **しごと (仕事)** - Job / Work

- **しつもん (質問)** - Question

- **しりょう (資料)** - Documents / Data

- **しんぶん (新聞)** - Newspaper

- **せいかつひ (生活費)** - Living expenses

- **せいしょ (聖書)** - Bible

- **せき (席)** - Seat

- **せんこう (専攻)** - Major (in school)

- **たいせい (体制)** - System / Structure

- **たばこ (tabako)** - Tobacco / Cigarette

- **ちゅうもん (注文)** - Order

- **つくえ (机)** - Desk

- **てぶくろ (手袋)** - Gloves

- **でんしゃ (電車)** - Train

- **でんわ (電話)** - Telephone

- **とけい (時計)** - Clock

- **にがて (苦手)** - Weak point / Something one is not good at

- **パソコン (pasokon)** - Personal computer

- **ひっこし (引越)** - Moving (house)

- **ふね (船)** - Ship

- **ぼうし (帽子)** - Hat

- **みどり (緑)** - Greenery

- **めがね (megane)** - Glasses

- **りょこう (旅行)** - Trip / Travel

- **りょうり (料理)** - Cooking / Dish

- **リュックサック (ryukkusakku)** - Backpack

- **れきし (歴史)** - History

#### Nature & Animals

- **あき (秋)** - Autumn

- **かめ (亀)** - Turtle

- **きせつ (季節)** - Season

- **さかな (魚)** - Fish

- **てんき (天気)** - Weather

- **なつ (夏)** - Summer

- **はちゅうるい (爬虫類)** - Reptiles

- **はる (春)** - Spring

- **ふゆ (冬)** - Winter

- **むし (虫)** - Insect

- **もり (森)** - Forest

- **ゆき (雪)** - Snow

### Verbs

#### Basic Actions

- **あう (会う)** - To meet

- **あきらめる (諦める)** - To give up

- **あるく (歩く)** - To walk

- **いう (言う)** - To say

- **いく (行く)** - To go

- **いる (要る)** - To need

- **うける (受ける)** - To attend / To take (an exam)

- **うんてんする (運転する)** - To drive

- **おくる (送る)** - To send

- **おくれる (遅れる)** - To be late

- **おしえる (教える)** - To teach / To tell

- **おく (置く)** - To put

- **およぐ (泳ぐ)** - To swim

- **かう (飼う)** - To keep / raise (a pet)

- **かかる (掛かる)** - To take (time/money)

- **かす (貸す)** - To lend

- **かりる (借りる)** - To borrow / To rent

- **きく (聴く)** - To listen

- **こわれる (壊れる)** - To break (intransitive)

- **こわす (壊す)** - To break (transitive)

- **さんかする (参加する)** - To participate

- **しめる (閉める)** - To close

- **しる (知る)** - To know

- **すう (吸う)** - To smoke / To inhale

- **する (suru)** - To do

- **そうじする (掃除する)** - To clean

- **たべる (食べる)** - To eat

- **たすける (助ける)** - To help (serious situation)

- **ちがう (違う)** - To be different

- **つかう (使う)** - To use

- **つける (付ける)** - To turn on

- **つくる (作る)** - To make

- **てつだう (手伝う)** - To help (assist)

- **でかける (出かける)** - To go out

- **とまる (止まる)** - To stop

- **とめる (止める)** - To stop / To park

- **とる (撮る)** - To take (a photo)

- **なくす (無くす)** - To lose

- **ならう (習う)** - To learn (from a teacher)

- **なる (naru)** - To become

- **のむ (飲む)** - To drink

- **はなす (話す)** - To speak

- **はしる (走る)** - To run

- **はたらく (働く)** - To work

- **ひく (弾く)** - To play (a stringed instrument, piano)

- **ふく (吹く)** - To play (a wind instrument) / To blow

- **まつ (待つ)** - To wait

- **むかえる (迎える)** - To welcome / To meet

- **もらう (morau)** - To receive

- **よむ (読む)** - To read

- **わかる (分かる)** - To understand

#### Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs

- **あく (開く)** - To be open (intransitive)

- **あける (開ける)** - To open (transitive)

- **しまる (閉まる)** - To be closed (intransitive)

- **しめる (閉める)** - To close (transitive)

- **つく (付く)** - To be on (intransitive)

- **つける (付ける)** - To turn on (transitive)

- **こわれる (壊れる)** - To break (intransitive)

- **こわす (壊す)** - To break (transitive)

### Adjectives

#### い-Adjectives

- **あかるい (明るい)** - Bright

- **あたたかい (温かい)** - Warm

- **あたらしい (新しい)** - New

- **あつい (暑い)** - Hot (weather)

- **あまい (甘い)** - Sweet

- **いそがしい (忙しい)** - Busy

- **いたみ (痛い)** - Painful

- **うるさい (騒い)** - Noisy

- **おいしい (美味しい)** - Delicious

- **おおい (多い)** - Many

- **おおきい (大きい)** - Big

- **おそい (遅い)** - Slow

- **おもい (重い)** - Heavy

- **からい (辛い)** - Spicy

- **かるい (軽い)** - Light (weight)

- **かわいい (可愛い)** - Cute

- **さむい (寒い)** - Cold (weather)

- **しおからい (塩辛い)** - Salty

- **すずしい (涼しい)** - Cool (weather)

- **せがたかい (背が高い)** - Tall (height)

- **たかい (高い)** - High / Expensive

- **ちかい (近い)** - Near

- **ちいさい (小さい)** - Small

- **つまらない (tsumaranai)** - Boring

- **とおい (遠い)** - Far

- **はやい (速い)** - Fast / Quick

- **ふるい (古い)** - Old

- **ほしい (欲しい)** - Want (something)

- **むずかしい (難しい)** - Difficult

- **やさしい (優しい)** - Easy / Kind

- **やすい (安い)** - Cheap

- **よい (yoi) / いい (ii)** - Good

- **わるい (悪い)** - Bad

#### な-Adjectives

- **かんたん (簡単)** - Easy / Simple

- **きれい (綺麗)** - Pretty / Clean

- **げんき (元気)** - Healthy / Lively

- **しずか (静か)** - Quiet

- **じょうず (上手)** - Skilled

- **しんせつ (親切)** - Kind

- **すき (好き)** - Likeable

- **たいへん (大変)** - Difficult / Hard

- **とくい (得意)** - Strong point / Good at

- **にぎやか (賑やか)** - Lively (atmosphere)

- **ひま (暇)** - Free (time) / Bored

- **へた (下手)** - Unskilled

- **べんり (便利)** - Convenient

- **ゆうめい (有名)** - Famous

#### Feelings of Like/Dislike (Scale)

- **だいすき (大好き)** - To love / like very much

- **すき (好き)** - To like

- **きらい (嫌い)** - To dislike

- **だいきらい (大嫌い)** - To hate / dislike very much

### Adverbs & Expressions

- **あまり (amari) + negative** - Not often

- **ぐらい (gurai) / ほど (hodo)** - About / Approximately

- **じゃあ (jā)** - Well then... / So...

- **じつは (実は)** - Actually

- **ずっと (zutto)** - Much / A lot (for comparisons)

- **ぜんぜん (zenzen) + negative** - Not at all / Never

- **たくさん (takusan)** - A lot / Plenty

- **たまに (tamani)** - Occasionally

- **ときどき (時々)** - Sometimes

- **まずい (mazui)** - Bad tasting / Awkward

- **まっすぐ (真っ直ぐ)** - Straight ahead

- **まあまあ (māmā)** - So-so

- **もういちど (もう一度)** - One more time

- **よく (yoku)** - Often

- **ゆっくり (yukkuri)** - Slowly

### Counting

#### General Counter (〜つ)

- **ひとつ (一つ)** - One

- **ふたつ (二つ)** - Two

- **みっつ (三つ)** - Three

- **よっつ (四つ)** - Four

- **いつつ (五つ)** - Five

- **むっつ (六つ)** - Six

- **ななつ (七つ)** - Seven

- **やっつ (八つ)** - Eight

- **ここのつ (九つ)** - Nine

- **とお (十)** - Ten

- **いくつ (ikutsu)** - How many?

#### People (〜にん)

- **ひとり (一人)** - One person

- **ふたり (二人)** - Two people

- **さんにん (三人)** - Three people

- **よにん (四人)** - Four people

- **なんにん (何人)** - How many people?

---

## Phrases & Greetings

- **おはよう** - Good morning

- **よろしくお願いします (よろしくおねがいします)** - Nice to meet you / Please take care of me

- **おだいじに (お大事に)** - Take care (when someone is sick)

- **ただいま** - I'm home

- **おかえり** - Welcome back

- **いってきます** - I'm leaving

- **いってらっしゃい** - Have a good day / See you later

- **いただきます** - Said before eating

- **おなかがすきます** - I'm hungry

- **のどがかわきました** - I'm thirsty

- **なにがあったんですか？** - What happened?

---

## Cultural & Miscellaneous Notes

### Cultural Notes

- **Rucksack:** The Japanese word for backpack, **リュックサック (ryukkusakku)**, comes directly from the German word "Rucksack."

- **苦手 (nigate) vs. 下手 (heta):**

    - **苦手 (nigate)** - "Weak point." A subjective view someone has about their own abilities.

    - **下手 (heta)** - "Unskilled." An objective view, often used to describe someone else's abilities.

- **結婚しています (kekkon shiteimasu):** In Japanese, being married is described as an ongoing state using the 〜ています form, unlike in English where "get married" is a one-time event.

### Administrative Info

- **Teacher:** Kakuta-san (based in Beijing)

- **Zoom/Payment Info:**

    - 03/26/2025: 838 9008 0604 | 668

    - 04/09/2025: 768 0333 4964 | 171836

    - 04/23/2025: 833 4517 2105 | 55463

    - 04/28/2025: 842 3914 4601 | 522778

        - SWIFTコード：LTCBJPJT / LTCBJPJTHED

        - SBI Shinsei Bank, LTD., HEAD OFFICE Branch

        - Account: 400 2019287, Name: Shigeta Kakuta

        - Address: #301 Senriyamasatsukibira, 18-2 Senriyama Takezono, Suita-shi, Osaka-fu 565-0852 Japan

        - Payment: $150

    - 05/05/2025: 862 2633 6175 | 22103

    - 05/12/2025: 84399475549 | 95233

    - 05/21/2025: 72195102577 | 88290

    - 05/28/2025: 88626507956 | 73336

        - Payment: $116.62

    - 06/04/2025: 84335996063 | 784569

    - 06/11/2025: 78590415279 | 9971004

    - 06/16/2025: 73845262073 | 000238

    - 06/25/2025: 87521766642 | 1130

    - 07/02/2025: 83815179846 | 66351

    - 07/09/2025: 83848704078 | 55301

    - 07/16/2025: 83848704078 | 55301

    - 07/23/2025: 83848704078 | 55301

    - 08/04/2025: 74915888180 | 8823

    - 08/13/2025: 88069936933 | 00065

    - 08/20/2025: 89807623219 | 952

    - 08/27/2025: 82984214242 | 46315

    - 09/03/2025: 79674766584 | 0173