23 KiB
type, title, date
| type | title | date |
|---|---|---|
| Classes | ALL JAPANESE NOTES | null |
Of course. Here are your Japanese language notes, organized by topic with clear markdown headings.
Grammar
Parts of Speech
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めいし (名詞) - Noun
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どうし (動詞) - Verb
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けいようし (形容詞) - Adjective
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じょし (助詞) - Particle
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しゅご (主語) - Subject of a sentence
Particles
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か - Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.
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の - Connects two nouns (Noun 1 + の + Noun 2), where Noun 1 modifies or describes Noun 2.
- Example: 僕の傘 (ぼくのかさ) - My umbrella.
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に
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Indicates a specific point in time (e.g., 七月に - in July; 午後七時に - at 7 pm).
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Indicates purpose when used with a verb stem (e.g., 泳ぎに行きます - go to swim).
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Indicates location of existence with verbs like います/あります.
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で - Indicates the location where an action takes place or the means by which an action is done ("by").
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Example (Location): 図書館で本を読みます (としょかんでほんをよみます) - I read a book at the library.
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Example (Means): 車で行きます (くるまでいきます) - I will go by car.
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も - Means "also" or "too." When used with location particles に and で, the particle comes first (e.g., 近郊にも行きます - I will also go to the suburbs).
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が - Marks the subject of a sentence, especially with existence verbs (います/あります) or for the object of liking/disliking with adjectives like 好き (suki).
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を - Marks the direct object of a verb.
Verb Conjugations
て-form (Te-form)
The て-form is used to connect verbs, make requests, and in many other grammatical patterns. To convert a dictionary-form verb to its て-form, follow these rules based on the verb's final sound:
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Verbs ending in う (u), つ (tsu), る (ru) → change to って (tte)
- Example: 会う (au) → 会って (atte); 待つ (matsu) → 待って (matte)
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Verbs ending in ぬ (nu), む (mu), ぶ (bu) → change to んで (nde)
- Example: 飲む (nomu) → 飲んで (nonde)
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Verbs ending in く (ku) → change to いて (ite)
- Example: 歩く (aruku) → 歩いて (aruite)
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Verbs ending in ぐ (gu) → change to いで (ide)
- Example: 泳ぐ (oyogu) → 泳いで (oyoide)
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Verbs ending in す (su) → change to して (shite)
- Example: 話す (hanasu) → 話して (hanashite)
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Irregular Verbs:
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する (suru) → して (shite)
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くる (kuru) → きて (kite)
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Usages of the て-form:
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〜てください - Please do...
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〜てもいいですか - May I do...?
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〜てはいけません / 〜てはだめです - You must not do...
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〜て〜て... - To list activities in sequential order. The final verb in the sequence is not in て-form.
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〜ています - Present continuous tense (e.g., "I am doing...").
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まだ + 〜ていません - I haven't done... yet.
Non-Polite (Plain) Form
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のむ (nomu - to drink)
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Negative: のまない (nomanai)
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Past: のんだ (nonda)
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Past Negative: のまなかった (nomanakatta)
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くる (kuru - to come)
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Negative: こない (konai)
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Past: きた (kita)
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Past Negative: こなかった (konakatta)
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ある (aru - to exist, inanimate)
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Negative: ない (nai)
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Past: あった (atta)
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Past Negative: なかった (nakatta)
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Potential Form ("Can do")
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Godan Verbs (u-verbs): Change the final "u" sound to an "e" sound.
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かく (kaku - to write) → かける (kakeru - can write)
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はなす (hanasu - to speak) → はなせる (hanaseru - can speak)
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Ichidan Verbs (ru-verbs): Remove the final る (ru) and add られる (rareru).
- たべる (taberu - to eat) → たべられる (taberareru - can eat)
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Irregular Verbs:
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する (suru - to do) → できる (dekiru - can do)
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くる (kuru - to come) → こられる (korareru - can come)
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Adjective Conjugations
い-Adjectives (i-keiyoushi)
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Negative: Replace い (i) with くない (kunai).
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Past: Replace い (i) with かった (katta).
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Past Negative: Replace い (i) with くなかった (kunakatta).
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Connecting (Te-form): To link multiple い-adjectives, replace the final い (i) with くて (kute). The final adjective in the list remains in its standard form.
- Example: 新しくて、安いです (atarashikute, yasui desu) - It's new and cheap.
な-Adjectives (na-keiyoushi)
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Negative: Add じゃありません (ja arimasen).
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Past: Add でした (deshita).
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Past Negative: Add じゃありませんでした (ja arimasen deshita).
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Connecting (Te-form): To link multiple な-adjectives, add で (de) after the adjective. The final adjective in the list remains in its standard form.
- Example: 便利で、きれいです (benri de, kirei desu) - It's convenient and clean.
Sentence Structures
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Making Invitations:
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〜ませんか (masen ka?) - Polite invitation ("Would you like to...?").
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〜ましょう (mashō) - Suggestion ("Let's...").
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〜ましょうか (mashō ka?) - Suggestion/Offer ("Shall we...? / Shall I...?").
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Expressing "I think..." (〜と思います): Place と思います (to omoimasu) after a phrase in the non-polite tense.
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Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ (da).
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Example: 明日は雨だと思います (Ashita wa ame da to omoimasu) - I think it will rain tomorrow.
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Quoting Someone (〜と言います): Use 「 」(かぎかっこ - kagikakko) for direct quotes followed by と言います (to iimasu) or と言いました (to iimashita).
- Example: Aさんは「かいぎはごごからです」と言いました - Mr. A said, "The meeting is from the afternoon."
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Expressing Reason (〜から / 〜ので): Both mean "because" or "so." ので (node) is generally more formal/polite than から (kara).
- Example: 仕事を遅くまでしたので、集会に遅れました (Shigoto o osoku made shita node, shūkai ni okuremashita) - Because I worked late, I was late to the meeting.
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Making Comparisons:
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A の方が B より ADJ です - A is more ADJ than B.
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Example: 日本語の方が英語より難しいです (Nihongo no hō ga eigo yori muzukashii desu) - Japanese is more difficult than English.
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Expressing Superlatives:
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[Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか? - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]?
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Example: 日本りょりの中でどれが一番美味しいですか?(Nihon ryōri no naka de dore ga ichiban oishii desu ka?) - Among Japanese food, which is the most delicious?
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Expressing Intention (〜つもりです): Use a non-polite verb followed by つもりです (tsumori desu) to state you plan to do something.
- Example: 来年に英語のしけんを受けるつもりです - I plan to take the English exam next year.
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Expressing "To Become" (〜になる / 〜くなる):
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Noun / な-Adjective + になる: To become a noun or na-adjective.
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い-Adjective (stem) + くなる: To become an i-adjective.
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Example: 薬を飲んで、元気になりました - I drank the medicine and became healthy.
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Example: クーラーをつけて、寒くなりました - I turned on the A/C and it became cold.
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Expressing "I want to..." (〜たい): Change the ます (masu) form of a verb to 〜たい (tai). Conjugates like an い-adjective.
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Want to: 食べたい (tabetai)
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Don't want to: 食べたくない (tabetakunai)
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Wanted to: 食べたかった (tabetakatta)
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Didn't want to: 食べたくなかった (tabetakunakatta)
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Expressing someone else wants (〜たがる): To describe observations of another person's desire.
- Example: 彼女はかばんを欲しがっています - She seems to want the bag.
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Listing Activities Loosely (〜たり〜たりする): Lists example activities without a specific order. The verb form is たり (tari) for all items, ending with します/しました.
- Example: 週末は、本を読んだり、映画を見たりします - On weekends I do things like read books and watch movies.
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Expressing Experience (〜たことがあります): Use the past tense (た-form) of a verb followed by ことがあります (koto ga arimasu).
- Example: 富士山に登ったことがあります - I have the experience of climbing Mt. Fuji.
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Expressing "Too much" (〜すぎる):
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Verbs: Add すぎる to the verb stem (e.g., 飲みます → 飲みすぎる).
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Adjectives: Add すぎる to the adjective stem (e.g., 高い → 高すぎる; 静か → 静かすぎる).
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Example: ビールを飲みすぎて二日酔いです - I drank too much beer and have a hangover.
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Giving Advice (〜方がいい): "It would be better to..."
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Affirmative: Past tense verb + 方がいい (hō ga ii).
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Negative: Negative verb + 方がいい (hō ga ii).
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Example: 休んだ方がいいですよ - It would be better if you rested.
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Expressing "Probably" (〜でしょう): Used for predictions, especially about the future (like weather).
- Example: 明日は晴れるでしょう - It will probably be sunny tomorrow.
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Listing Multiple Reasons (〜し): Used to list multiple reasons for a result.
- Example: お金がないし、雨が降っているし、家で本を読みます - I have no money and it's raining, so I'll read a book at home.
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Expressing "Seems to be..." (〜そうです): Used to describe an impression based on appearance.
- Example: 彼女は嬉しそうです - She seems happy.
Vocabulary
Nouns
People & Titles
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うんてんしゅ (運転手) - Driver
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おとしより (お年寄り) - Elderly person
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かいしゃいん (会社員) - Office worker
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かいたくしゃ (開拓者) - Pioneer
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きょうし (教師) - Teacher (formal term)
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きょうだい (兄弟) - Spiritual Brother
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しゃちょう (社長) - Boss / Company President
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せんせい (先生) - Teacher (honorific)
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ちょうろ (長老) - Elder
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りきし (力士) / おすもうさん - Sumo Wrestler
Places
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いえ (家) - House
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おうこくかいかん (王国会館) - Kingdom Hall
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きょうしつ (教室) - Classroom
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きんこう (近郊) - Suburbs
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くうこう (空港) - Airport
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こうえん (公園) - Park
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しやくしょ (市役所) - City Hall
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ちかてつ (地下鉄) - Subway
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としょかん (図書館) - Library
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びじゅつかん (美術館) - Art Museum
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みんしゅく (民宿) - Bed & Breakfast (like Airbnb)
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ゆうびんきょく (郵便局) - Post office
Time & Frequency
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あさって (明後日) - The day after tomorrow
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いちにちじゅう (一日中) - All day
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いつ (itsu) - When
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おととい (一昨日) - Two days ago
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ごご (午後) - Afternoon (PM)
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こんど (今度) - Next time
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しあさって (明明後日) - Two days after tomorrow
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しちがつ (七月) - July
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しゅう (週) - Week
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しょうがつ (正月) / しんねん (新年) - New Years
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たいかんおんど (体感温度) - "Feels like" temperature
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としにいちど (年に一度) - Once a year
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ひるね (昼寝) - Afternoon nap
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まいしゅう (毎週) - Every week
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もうすぐ (mō sugu) - Very soon
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やすみ (休み) - Holiday / Day off
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ゆうがた (夕方) - Early evening
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ゆうね (夕寝) - Evening nap
Food & Drink
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ごはん (ご飯) - Cooked rice / Meal
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しお (塩) - Salt
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すきやき (すき焼き) - Sukiyaki
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にんじん (人参) - Carrots
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のこりもの (残り物) - Leftovers
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ひやしちゅうか (冷やし中華) - Cold Ramen
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やきにく (焼き肉) - BBQ / Grilled meat
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やしょく (夜食) - Late night snack
Objects & Concepts
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いさん (遺産) - Heritage / Legacy
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えんぴつ (鉛筆) - Pencil
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かばん (kaban) - Bag
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かみ (髪) - Hair
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きねんしき (記念式) - Memorial / Commemoration
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きもち (気持ち) - Feeling
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きょか (許可) - Permission
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くつ (靴) - Shoes
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くるま (車) - Car
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けいたい (携帯) - Cell phone
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こくばん (黒板) - Blackboard
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ことば (言葉) - Word
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じゅぎょう (授業) - Class / Lesson
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しごと (仕事) - Job / Work
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しつもん (質問) - Question
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しりょう (資料) - Documents / Data
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しんぶん (新聞) - Newspaper
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せいかつひ (生活費) - Living expenses
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せいしょ (聖書) - Bible
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せき (席) - Seat
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せんこう (専攻) - Major (in school)
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たいせい (体制) - System / Structure
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たばこ (tabako) - Tobacco / Cigarette
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ちゅうもん (注文) - Order
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つくえ (机) - Desk
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てぶくろ (手袋) - Gloves
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でんしゃ (電車) - Train
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でんわ (電話) - Telephone
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とけい (時計) - Clock
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にがて (苦手) - Weak point / Something one is not good at
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パソコン (pasokon) - Personal computer
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ひっこし (引越) - Moving (house)
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ふね (船) - Ship
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ぼうし (帽子) - Hat
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みどり (緑) - Greenery
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めがね (megane) - Glasses
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りょこう (旅行) - Trip / Travel
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りょうり (料理) - Cooking / Dish
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リュックサック (ryukkusakku) - Backpack
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れきし (歴史) - History
Nature & Animals
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あき (秋) - Autumn
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かめ (亀) - Turtle
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きせつ (季節) - Season
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さかな (魚) - Fish
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てんき (天気) - Weather
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なつ (夏) - Summer
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はちゅうるい (爬虫類) - Reptiles
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はる (春) - Spring
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ふゆ (冬) - Winter
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むし (虫) - Insect
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もり (森) - Forest
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ゆき (雪) - Snow
Verbs
Basic Actions
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あう (会う) - To meet
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あきらめる (諦める) - To give up
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あるく (歩く) - To walk
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いう (言う) - To say
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いく (行く) - To go
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いる (要る) - To need
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うける (受ける) - To attend / To take (an exam)
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うんてんする (運転する) - To drive
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おくる (送る) - To send
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おくれる (遅れる) - To be late
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おしえる (教える) - To teach / To tell
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おく (置く) - To put
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およぐ (泳ぐ) - To swim
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かう (飼う) - To keep / raise (a pet)
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かかる (掛かる) - To take (time/money)
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かす (貸す) - To lend
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かりる (借りる) - To borrow / To rent
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きく (聴く) - To listen
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こわれる (壊れる) - To break (intransitive)
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こわす (壊す) - To break (transitive)
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さんかする (参加する) - To participate
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しめる (閉める) - To close
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しる (知る) - To know
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すう (吸う) - To smoke / To inhale
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する (suru) - To do
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そうじする (掃除する) - To clean
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たべる (食べる) - To eat
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たすける (助ける) - To help (serious situation)
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ちがう (違う) - To be different
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つかう (使う) - To use
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つける (付ける) - To turn on
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つくる (作る) - To make
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てつだう (手伝う) - To help (assist)
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でかける (出かける) - To go out
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とまる (止まる) - To stop
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とめる (止める) - To stop / To park
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とる (撮る) - To take (a photo)
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なくす (無くす) - To lose
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ならう (習う) - To learn (from a teacher)
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なる (naru) - To become
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のむ (飲む) - To drink
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はなす (話す) - To speak
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はしる (走る) - To run
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はたらく (働く) - To work
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ひく (弾く) - To play (a stringed instrument, piano)
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ふく (吹く) - To play (a wind instrument) / To blow
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まつ (待つ) - To wait
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むかえる (迎える) - To welcome / To meet
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もらう (morau) - To receive
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よむ (読む) - To read
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わかる (分かる) - To understand
Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs
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あく (開く) - To be open (intransitive)
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あける (開ける) - To open (transitive)
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しまる (閉まる) - To be closed (intransitive)
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しめる (閉める) - To close (transitive)
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つく (付く) - To be on (intransitive)
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つける (付ける) - To turn on (transitive)
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こわれる (壊れる) - To break (intransitive)
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こわす (壊す) - To break (transitive)
Adjectives
い-Adjectives
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あかるい (明るい) - Bright
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あたたかい (温かい) - Warm
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あたらしい (新しい) - New
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あつい (暑い) - Hot (weather)
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あまい (甘い) - Sweet
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いそがしい (忙しい) - Busy
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いたみ (痛い) - Painful
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うるさい (騒い) - Noisy
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おいしい (美味しい) - Delicious
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おおい (多い) - Many
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おおきい (大きい) - Big
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おそい (遅い) - Slow
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おもい (重い) - Heavy
-
からい (辛い) - Spicy
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かるい (軽い) - Light (weight)
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かわいい (可愛い) - Cute
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さむい (寒い) - Cold (weather)
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しおからい (塩辛い) - Salty
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すずしい (涼しい) - Cool (weather)
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せがたかい (背が高い) - Tall (height)
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たかい (高い) - High / Expensive
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ちかい (近い) - Near
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ちいさい (小さい) - Small
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つまらない (tsumaranai) - Boring
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とおい (遠い) - Far
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はやい (速い) - Fast / Quick
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ふるい (古い) - Old
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ほしい (欲しい) - Want (something)
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むずかしい (難しい) - Difficult
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やさしい (優しい) - Easy / Kind
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やすい (安い) - Cheap
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よい (yoi) / いい (ii) - Good
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わるい (悪い) - Bad
な-Adjectives
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かんたん (簡単) - Easy / Simple
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きれい (綺麗) - Pretty / Clean
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げんき (元気) - Healthy / Lively
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しずか (静か) - Quiet
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じょうず (上手) - Skilled
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しんせつ (親切) - Kind
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すき (好き) - Likeable
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たいへん (大変) - Difficult / Hard
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とくい (得意) - Strong point / Good at
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にぎやか (賑やか) - Lively (atmosphere)
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ひま (暇) - Free (time) / Bored
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へた (下手) - Unskilled
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べんり (便利) - Convenient
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ゆうめい (有名) - Famous
Feelings of Like/Dislike (Scale)
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だいすき (大好き) - To love / like very much
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すき (好き) - To like
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きらい (嫌い) - To dislike
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だいきらい (大嫌い) - To hate / dislike very much
Adverbs & Expressions
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あまり (amari) + negative - Not often
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ぐらい (gurai) / ほど (hodo) - About / Approximately
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じゃあ (jā) - Well then... / So...
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じつは (実は) - Actually
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ずっと (zutto) - Much / A lot (for comparisons)
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ぜんぜん (zenzen) + negative - Not at all / Never
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たくさん (takusan) - A lot / Plenty
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たまに (tamani) - Occasionally
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ときどき (時々) - Sometimes
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まずい (mazui) - Bad tasting / Awkward
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まっすぐ (真っ直ぐ) - Straight ahead
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まあまあ (māmā) - So-so
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もういちど (もう一度) - One more time
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よく (yoku) - Often
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ゆっくり (yukkuri) - Slowly
Counting
General Counter (〜つ)
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ひとつ (一つ) - One
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ふたつ (二つ) - Two
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みっつ (三つ) - Three
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よっつ (四つ) - Four
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いつつ (五つ) - Five
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むっつ (六つ) - Six
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ななつ (七つ) - Seven
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やっつ (八つ) - Eight
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ここのつ (九つ) - Nine
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とお (十) - Ten
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いくつ (ikutsu) - How many?
People (〜にん)
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ひとり (一人) - One person
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ふたり (二人) - Two people
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さんにん (三人) - Three people
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よにん (四人) - Four people
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なんにん (何人) - How many people?
Phrases & Greetings
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おはよう - Good morning
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よろしくお願いします (よろしくおねがいします) - Nice to meet you / Please take care of me
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おだいじに (お大事に) - Take care (when someone is sick)
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ただいま - I'm home
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おかえり - Welcome back
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いってきます - I'm leaving
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いってらっしゃい - Have a good day / See you later
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いただきます - Said before eating
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おなかがすきます - I'm hungry
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のどがかわきました - I'm thirsty
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なにがあったんですか? - What happened?
Cultural & Miscellaneous Notes
Cultural Notes
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Rucksack: The Japanese word for backpack, リュックサック (ryukkusakku), comes directly from the German word "Rucksack."
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苦手 (nigate) vs. 下手 (heta):
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苦手 (nigate) - "Weak point." A subjective view someone has about their own abilities.
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下手 (heta) - "Unskilled." An objective view, often used to describe someone else's abilities.
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結婚しています (kekkon shiteimasu): In Japanese, being married is described as an ongoing state using the 〜ています form, unlike in English where "get married" is a one-time event.
Administrative Info
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Teacher: Kakuta-san (based in Beijing)
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Zoom/Payment Info:
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03/26/2025: 838 9008 0604 | 668
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04/09/2025: 768 0333 4964 | 171836
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04/23/2025: 833 4517 2105 | 55463
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04/28/2025: 842 3914 4601 | 522778
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SWIFTコード:LTCBJPJT / LTCBJPJTHED
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SBI Shinsei Bank, LTD., HEAD OFFICE Branch
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Account: 400 2019287, Name: Shigeta Kakuta
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Address: #301 Senriyamasatsukibira, 18-2 Senriyama Takezono, Suita-shi, Osaka-fu 565-0852 Japan
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Payment: $150
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05/05/2025: 862 2633 6175 | 22103
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05/12/2025: 84399475549 | 95233
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05/21/2025: 72195102577 | 88290
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05/28/2025: 88626507956 | 73336
- Payment: $116.62
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06/04/2025: 84335996063 | 784569
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06/11/2025: 78590415279 | 9971004
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06/16/2025: 73845262073 | 000238
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06/25/2025: 87521766642 | 1130
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07/02/2025: 83815179846 | 66351
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07/09/2025: 83848704078 | 55301
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07/16/2025: 83848704078 | 55301
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07/23/2025: 83848704078 | 55301
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08/04/2025: 74915888180 | 8823
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08/13/2025: 88069936933 | 00065
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08/20/2025: 89807623219 | 952
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08/27/2025: 82984214242 | 46315
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09/03/2025: 79674766584 | 0173
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