Inanis_Vault/20-Knowledge/Classes/Japanese Vocabulary Basic Grammar and Counters.md

type, title, date

type	title	date
Classes	04/16/2025 - Japanese Class	2025-04-16

I. Basic Vocabulary:

• 授業 (じゅぎょう) - Jugyō: Class (as in a lesson or course)

• 席 (せき) - Seki: Seat

• かばん - Kaban: Bag (general term for briefcase, purse, etc.)

• 記念式 (きねんしき) - Kinen-shiki: Memorial (often refers to a ceremony or commemoration)

• 教室 (きょうしつ) - Kyōshitsu: Classroom (literally "teaching room")

• 教師 (きょうし) - Kyōshi: Teacher (literally "teaching person" - used when introducing yourself, not the honorific "先生 - sensei")

• 黒板 (こくばん) - Kokuban: Blackboard

• リュックサック (ryukkusakku): Backpack

  • The Japanese word リュックサック (ryukkusakku) comes directly from the German word "Rucksack."

• 鉛筆 (えんぴつ) - Enpitsu: Pencil

• パソコン (pasokon): Personal computer

• テレビ (terebi): Television

• 開拓者 (かいたくしゃ) - Kaitaku-sha: Pioneer

II. Counting (General Counter - つ - tsu):

• 一つ (ひとつ) - Hitotsu: One (thing)

• 二つ (ふたつ) - Futatsu: Two (things)

• 三つ (みっつ) - Mittsu: Three (things)

• 四つ (よっつ) - Yottsu: Four (things)

• 五つ (いつつ) - Itsutsu: Five (things)

• 六つ (むっつ) - Muttsu: Six (things)

• 七つ (ななつ) - Nanatsu: Seven (things)

• 八つ (やっつ) - Yattsu: Eight (things)

• 九つ (ここのつ) - Kokonotsu: Nine (things)

• 十 (とお) - Tō: Ten (things)

• 十一個 (じゅういっこ) - Jū-ikko: Eleven (things)

• 十二個 (じゅうにこ) - Jū-niko: Twelve (things)

• 十三個 (じゅうさんこ) - Jū-sanko: Thirteen (things)

• 十四個 (じゅうよんこ) - Jū-yonko: Fourteen (things)

• 十五個 (じゅうごこ) - Jū-goko: Fifteen (things)

• 十六個 (じゅうろっこ) - Jū-rokko: Sixteen (things)

• 十七個 (じゅうななつ/じゅうしちこ) - Jūnanatsu/Jūshichiko: Seventeen (things)

• 十八個 (じゅうはちこ) - Jū-hachiko: Eighteen (things)

• 十九個 (じゅうきゅうこ/じゅうくこ) - Jū-kyūko/Jū-kuko: Nineteen (things)

• 二十 (にじゅう) - Nijū: Twenty (things)

  • Note: For numbers 11-19, you generally combine the number ten (十 - jū) with the counter -こ (-ko) for general counting. For 17 and 19, both "-nanatsu" and "-shichiko" (for 17), and "-kyūko" and "-kuko" (for 19) are possible, though "-ko" is more common in modern usage for these higher numbers.

III. Times of Day:

• 午後 (ごご) - Gogo: Afternoon (PM)

  • 午後は二時に帰りました (ごご は にじ に かえりました) - Gogo wa niji ni kaerimashita: I returned home at two in the afternoon.

• 昼寝 (ひるね) - Hirune: Nap (specifically taken in the afternoon)

  • 昼寝しませんでした、でも夕寝しました (ひるね しませんでした、でも ゆうね しました) - Hirune shimasen deshita, demo yūne shimashita: I didn't take an afternoon nap, but I did take an evening nap.

• 夕寝 (ゆうね) - Yūne: Nap (taken in the evening)

• 夕方 (ゆうがた) - Yūgata: Early evening (around sunset)

  • 夕方に夕寝しました (ゆうがた に ゆうね しました) - Yūgata ni yūne shimashita: I took a nap in the early evening.

• 今日は (きょうは) - Kyō wa: Today

  • 今日はsweet teaを飲みませんでした、でも水だけ飲みました (きょう は sweet tea を のみませんでした、でも みず だけ のみました) - Kyō wa sweet tea o nomimasen deshita, demo mizu dake nomimashita: I didn't drink sweet tea today, but I only drank water.

IV. Other Vocabulary and Grammar:

image

• いくつか (ikutsu): How many

  • 教室はカバンをふたつあります (きょうしつ は カバン を ふたつ あります) - Kyōshitsu wa kaban o futatsu arimasu: There are two bags in the classroom. (Note: The particle は - wa - marks the topic, and を - o - marks the direct object.)

• 教室 (きょしつ) - Kyōshitsu: Classroom

  • 教室に教師がいます (きょしつ に きょうし が います) - Kyōshitsu ni kyōshi ga imasu: The teacher is in the classroom. (Note: The particle に - ni - indicates the location where the teacher exists, and が - ga - marks the subject.)

  • テレビは教室の左にあります (テレビ は きょしつ の ひだり に あります) - Terebi wa kyoshitsu no hidari ni arimasu: The television is to the left of the room. (Note: の - no - connects nouns, and に - ni - indicates the location.)

• 外 (そと) - Soto: Outside

  • 外は犬がいます (そと は いぬ が います) - Soto wa inu ga imasu: There is a dog outside. (Note: は - wa - marks the topic.)

• 時計 (とけい) - Tokei: Clock

  • 時計は黒板の上にあります (とけい は こくばん の うえ に あります) - Tokei wa kokuban no ue ni arimasu: The clock is on the blackboard. (Note: の - no - connects nouns, and 上に - ue ni - means "on top of".)

• 机 (つくえ) - Tsukue: Desk

  • リュックサックは机の上にあります (リュックサック は つくえ の うえ に あります) - Ryukkusakku wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu: The backpack is on the desk.

• 〜があります (〜があります) - ~ ga arimasu: There is/are (for inanimate objects)

  • 鉛筆は二つがあります (えんぴつ は ふたつ が あります) - Enpitsu wa futatsu ga arimasu: There are two pencils.

  • 明日は星があります (あした は ほし が あります) - Ashita wa hoshi ga arimasu: Tomorrow there is service (likely referring to a religious service, "星" - hoshi - meaning "star" is unusual here and might be a misunderstanding or specific local term. It's more likely referring to 奉仕 (ほうし - hōshi) meaning service, especially religious service. However, sticking to the note: "Tomorrow there is service.")

  • 明日は仕事もあります (あした は しごと も あります) - Ashita wa shigoto mo arimasu: Tomorrow there is also work.

  • 明日は学校もあります (あした は がっこう も あります) - Ashita wa gakkō mo arimasu: Tomorrow there is also school.

• 〜にいます (〜にいます) - ~ ni imasu: There is/are (for animate objects)

  • パソコンは先生の前にあります (パソコン は せんせい の まえ に あります) - Pasokon wa sensei no mae ni arimasu: The computer is in front of the teacher. (Note: 前に - mae ni - means "in front of".)

• 残り物 (のこりもの) - Nokorimono: Leftovers

  • 今日は残り物を食べました (きょう は のこりもの を たべました) - Kyō wa nokorimono o tabemashita: I ate leftovers today.

• も (mo): Also

  • カフェにいきます (kafe ni ikimasu): I will go to a cafe.

  • 近郊にも行きます (きんこう に も いきます) - Kinkō ni mo ikimasu: I will also go to the suburbs. (Note: 近郊 - kinkō - means suburbs or nearby area. The particle に - ni - indicates the destination.)

  • 図書館で本を読みます (としょかん で ほん を よみます) - Toshokan de hon o yomimasu: I will read a book at the library. (Note: で - de - indicates the place where the action occurs.)

  • うちでも本を読みます (うち で も ほん を よみます) - Uchi de mo hon o yomimasu: I will also read a book at home.

  • Grammar Note on も (mo) with Location Particles: When using も (also) with location particles に (to/at) and で (at/in), the particles に and で come before も. This indicates "also to this place" or "also at this place."

image

• ぐらい (gurai): About, approximately (placed after a specific quantity or time)

• ほど (hodo): About, approximately (similar to ぐらい but often used in more formal writing)

• どれぐらい (dore gurai): How much / How long / How many (used when asking about an approximate amount or duration)

• 〜ています (〜te imasu): Present continuous tense (indicates an ongoing action or state)

  • 十年ぐらいしています (じゅうねん ぐらい しています) - Jūnen gurai shite imasu: I have been doing it for about ten years. (The "it" depends on the context of the conversation.)

  Next Time

  87661187013 - 2485