8.6 KiB
type, title, date
| type | title | date |
|---|---|---|
| Knowledge | Synthesized Japanese Class Notes | 2025-10-23 |
Synthesized Japanese Class Notes
This note is a synthesized compilation of all Japanese class notes from the 10-Input folder. The content has been organized by topic for clarity and ease of reference.
79674766584:0173
Grammar
Parts of Speech
- めいし (名詞) - Noun
- どうし (動詞) - Verb
- けいようし (形容詞) - Adjective
- じょし (助詞) - Particle
- しゅご (主語) - Subject of a sentence
Particles
- か - Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.
- の - Connects two nouns (Noun 1 + の + Noun 2), where Noun 1 modifies or describes Noun 2. Can also be used as a placeholder for aforementioned or unknown things.
- に - Indicates a specific point in time, purpose, or location of existence.
- で - Indicates the location where an action takes place or the means by which an action is done ("by").
- も - Means "also" or "too." Can be used to show surprise at a large quantity.
- が - Marks the subject of a sentence or the object of liking/disliking.
- を - Marks the direct object of a verb.
- から / ので - Both mean "because" or "so." ので is generally more formal/polite.
- や - Used to list things loosely, similar to saying "like" or "such as".
- なら - Conditional particle for hypothetical situations, contrasts, or providing information based on a premise ("if").
Verb Conjugations
て-form (Te-form)
The て-form is used to connect verbs, make requests, and in many other grammatical patterns.
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Rules:
- Verbs ending in う, つ, る → って
- Verbs ending in ぬ, む, ぶ → んで
- Verbs ending in く → いて
- Verbs ending in ぐ → いで
- Verbs ending in す → して
- Irregular: する → して, くる → きて
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Usages:
- 〜てください - Please do...
- 〜てもいいですか - May I do...?
- 〜てはいけません / 〜てはだめです - You must not do...
- 〜て〜て... - To list activities in sequential order.
- 〜ています - Present continuous tense.
- まだ + 〜ていません - I haven't done... yet.
Non-Polite (Plain) Form
- のむ (to drink): のまない (neg), のんだ (past), のまなかった (past-neg)
- くる (to come): こない (neg), きた (past), こなかった (past-neg)
- ある (to exist): ない (neg), あった (past), なかった (past-neg)
Volitional Form
Used to express intention or suggestion in a non-polite way.
- Godan verbs (u-verbs): Change the final 'u' sound to an 'o' sound and add 'u'. (e.g., 飲む → 飲もう)
- Ichidan verbs (ru-verbs): Replace the final 'る' with 'よう'. (e.g., 食べる → 食べよう)
- Irregular: する → しよう, くる → こよう
Potential Form ("Can do")
- Godan Verbs (u-verbs): Change the final "u" sound to an "e" sound.
- Ichidan Verbs (ru-verbs): Remove the final る and add られる.
- Irregular Verbs: する → できる, くる → こられる
Adjective Conjugations
い-Adjectives
- Negative: Replace い with くない.
- Past: Replace い with かった.
- Past Negative: Replace い with くなかった.
- Connecting (Te-form): Replace い with くて.
な-Adjectives
- Negative: Add じゃありません.
- Past: Add でした.
- Past Negative: Add じゃありませんでした.
- Connecting (Te-form): Add で.
Sentence Structures
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Making Invitations:
- 〜ませんか？ - Polite invitation ("Would you like to...?").
- 〜ましょう - Suggestion ("Let's...").
- 〜ましょうか？ - Suggestion/Offer ("Shall we...? / Shall I...?").
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Expressing "I think..." (〜と思います): Place と思います after a phrase in the non-polite tense. Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ.
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Quoting Someone (〜と言います): Use 「 」 for direct quotes followed by と言います.
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Making Comparisons:
- A の方が B より ADJ です - A is more ADJ than B.
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Expressing Superlatives:
- [Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか？ - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]?
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Expressing Intention (〜つもりです): Use a non-polite verb followed by つもりです to state you plan to do something.
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Expressing "To Become" (〜になる / 〜くなる):
- Noun / な-Adjective + になる
- い-Adjective (stem) + くなる
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Expressing "I want to..." (〜たい): Change the ます form of a verb to 〜たい. Conjugates like an い-adjective.
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Expressing someone else wants (〜たがる): To describe observations of another person's desire.
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Stating Purpose: Use the verb stem + に + verb of motion (e.g., 行きます, 来ます).
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Expressing "Probably" (〜でしょう): Used for predictions.
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Expressing Preparation (〜ておく): Indicates something was done in preparation.
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Making Suggestions (〜たらどうですか？): Suggests trying an action.
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Polite Questions (〜んです): Makes a question less direct and more polite.
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Listing Activities Loosely (〜たり〜たりする): Lists example activities without a specific order.
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Expressing Experience (〜たことがあります): Use the past tense (た-form) of a verb followed by ことがあります.
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Expressing "Too much" (〜すぎる): Add すぎる to the verb or adjective stem.
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Giving Advice (〜方がいい): "It would be better to..."
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Multiple Reasons Why (〜し): Used to list multiple reasons for a result.
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Expressing "Seems to be..." (〜そうです): Used to describe an impression based on appearance.
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Trying To (〜てみる): Conjugate the verb to て form and add みる.
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Noun Modification: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it.
Vocabulary
Nouns
- People & Titles: うんてんしゅ (driver), おとしより (elderly person), かいしゃいん (office worker), きょうだい (spiritual brother), ちょうろ (elder)
- Places: おうこくかいかん (Kingdom Hall), くうこう (airport), こうえん (park), しやくしょ (city hall), としょかん (library), びじゅつかん (art museum), ゆうびんきょく (post office)
- Time & Frequency: あさって (day after tomorrow), いちにちじゅう (all day), おととい (two days ago), こんど (next time), しょうがつ / しんねん (New Years), まいしゅう (every week)
- Food & Drink: ごはん (rice/meal), しお (salt), すきやき (sukiyaki), やきにく (BBQ), やしょく (late night snack)
- Objects & Concepts: いさん (heritage), えんぴつ (pencil), かばん (bag), くるま (car), けいたい (cell phone), しごと (work), しつもん (question), せいしょ (Bible), でんしゃ (train), りょこう (trip/travel)
Verbs
- あう (会う) - To meet
- あるく (歩く) - To walk
- いく (行く) - To go
- うんてんする (運転する) - To drive
- およぐ (泳ぐ) - To swim
- かう (飼う) - To keep (a pet)
- きく (聴く) - To listen
- する (suru) - To do
- たべる (食べる) - To eat
- でかける (出かける) - To go out
- はなす (話す) - To speak
- まつ (待つ) - To wait
- よむ (読む) - To read
Adjectives
- い-Adjectives: あたらしい (new), あつい (hot), いそがしい (busy), おいしい (delicious), おおきい (big), さむい (cold), ちいさい (small), むずかしい (difficult), やさしい (easy/kind), やすい (cheap)
- な-Adjectives: かんたん (easy), きれい (pretty/clean), げんき (healthy), しずか (quiet), じょうず (skilled), すき (likeable), べんり (convenient), ゆうめい (famous)
- Like/Dislike Scale: 大好き (love) > 好き (like) > 嫌い (dislike) > 大嫌い (hate)
Adverbs & Expressions
- あまり + negative - Not often
- じつは - Actually
- ずっと - Much / A lot
- ぜんぜん + negative - Not at all
- たくさん - A lot
- ときどき - Sometimes
- ゆっくり - Slowly
Phrases & Greetings
- おはよう - Good morning
- よろしくお願いします - Nice to meet you
- おだいじに - Take care (when someone is sick)
- ただいま - I'm home
- おかえり - Welcome back
- いただきます - Said before eating
- おなかがすきます - I'm hungry
- のどがかわきました - I'm thirsty