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Random Words
特別活動 -> とくべつ かつどう -> Special Activity 分会 -> ぶんかい -> To separate 旅行客 -> りょこうきゃく -> Visitors 大会 -> たいかい -> Assembly 割り当て -> わりあて スリ - Pickpocket する -> To pickpocket 冷やす -> ひやす -> To make cold (たどうし) 冷える -> ひえる -> To make cold (じどうし) 貼る -> はる -> To stick/Paste 入れる -> いれる -> To Insert (たどうし) 入る -> はいる -> To Insert (じどうし)
Main Point
Resulting States: じどうし + ています vs. たどうし + てあります
When you want to describe the current state something is in as a result of an action, you use Vて + います or Vて + あります — which one depends on whether the verb is intransitive or transitive.
- じどうし (intransitive) — the subject acts on itself. No object. The thing just is in a state.
- たどうし (transitive) — someone acts on something else. There's an agent and an object.
The Two Patterns
| Type | Formula | Nuance |
|---|---|---|
| じどうし | [Object]が [じどうし]ています | The thing is in a state. Agent unknown or irrelevant. |
| たどうし | [Agent]は [Object]を [たどうし]てあります | Someone intentionally put it in that state. |
Use いました / ありました for past states.
Core Contrast
ドアが開いています Doa ga aite imasu The door is open. (It opened — maybe on its own, maybe someone did it, doesn't matter.)
彼はドアを開けてあります Kare wa doa wo akete arimasu He has opened the door. (He did it on purpose. We know who.)
Common じどうし・たどうし Pairs
| じどうし (int.) | たどうし (tr.) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 開く (あく) | 開ける (あける) | to open |
| 閉まる (しまる) | 閉める (しめる) | to close |
| 消える (きえる) | 消す (けす) | to go out / to turn off |
| 冷える (ひえる) | 冷やす (ひやす) | to get cold / to cool |
| 入る (はいる) | 入れる (いれる) | to be inside / to insert |
Examples
じどうし + ています
飲み物は冷蔵庫で冷えています Nomimono wa reizouko de hiete imasu The drinks are chilling in the refrigerator.
- 冷える is intransitive — the drinks are just in the state of being cold.
パスポートが入っています Pasupooto ga haitte imasu The passport is (inside the drawer).
- 入る is intransitive — it's just in there.
運転するときにパスポートを持っています Unten suru toki ni pasupooto wo motte imasu I carry my passport when I drive.
スーパーに行く時に家にパスポートを置いています Suupaa ni iku toki ni ie ni pasupooto wo oite imasu I leave my passport at home when I go to the supermarket.
たどうし + てあります
彼は窓を閉めてありました Kare wa mado wo shimete arimashita He had closed the window.
- 閉める is transitive — he did it intentionally.
テレビを消してありました Terebi wo keshite arimashita The TV had been turned off.
- No explicit subject, but somebody switched it off. Didn't turn itself off.
家を掃除してありました Ie wo soujishite arimashita The house had been cleaned.
パーティーのために、私は飲み物を冷蔵庫で冷やしてありました Paatii no tame ni, watashi wa nomimono wo reizouko de hiyashite arimashita For the party, I had kept the drinks chilled in the refrigerator.
- Same situation as the じどうし example above, but now I am the agent doing it intentionally.
パスポートは机に入れてあります Pasupooto wa tsukue ni irete arimasu My passport has been put in the drawer.
- 入れる is transitive — someone (me) put it there.
スペンサーは昼ご飯を作ってありますか？ Supensaa wa hirugohan wo tsukutte arimasu ka? Has Spencer made lunch?
昼ご飯はまだ作ってありません Hirugohan wa mada tsukutte arimasen I haven't made lunch yet.
Edge Case: Verbs With No Intransitive Form
Some verbs — like おく (to place) and かける (to hang) — don't have an intransitive counterpart. For these, use the passive form (うけみけい) instead.
花がテーブルの上に置かれています Hana ga teeburu no ue ni okarete imasu Flowers are placed on the table.
カレンダーが壁に掛けられています Karendaa ga kabe ni kakerarete imasu The calendar is hanging on the wall.