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10-Input/Classes/Japanese_Synopsis_2025-11-03.md
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# Japanese Class Synopsis (Week of 2025-10-30)
Here is a quick synopsis of the main grammar points for your reference.
* **Difficulty (`-にくい`):** To say something is difficult to do, add `-にくい` to the verb stem (e.g., `食べにくい` - hard to eat).
* **Receiving Favors (`〜てもらいます`):** Use this when you receive an action or favor from someone else. The focus is on you, the receiver.
* **Polite Requests (`〜ていただけませんか`):** This is a very polite and formal way to ask someone to do something for you, essentially "Would you please do...?"

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20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md
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The potential form in Japanese is used to express **ability** or **possibility** (e.g., "can do," "is able to"). Once a verb is in its potential form, it functions grammatically as a **Group 2 (Ichidan) verb**. The potential form in Japanese is used to express **ability** or **possibility** (e.g., "can do," "is able to"). Once a verb is in its potential form, it functions grammatically as a **Group 2 (Ichidan) verb**.
##### 1. How to Form Potential Verbs (Conjugation) ##### 1. How to Form Potential Verbs (Conjugation)
| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example |
| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example | | :----------------------------- | :--------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Group 1** (Godan/U-verbs) | Ends in a U-row kana | Change the final U-sound to the equivalent **E-sound** and add **る** ($U \rightarrow E + る$) | $E-る$ verb | **話す** (hanasu - to speak) $\rightarrow$ **話せる** (hanaseru - can speak) |
| **Group 1** (Godan/U-verbs) | Ends in a U-row kana | Change the final U-sound to the equivalent **E-sound** and add **る** ($U | **Group 2** (Ichidan/Ru-verbs) | Ends in **る** (preceded by E or I sound) | Replace **る** with **られる** ($る \rightarrow られる$) | $られる$ verb | **食べる** (taberu - to eat) $\rightarrow$ **食べられる** (taberareru - can eat) |
ightarrow E + る$) | $E-る$ verb | **話す** (hanasu - to speak) $ | **Irregular** (する) | **する** (suru - to do) | Special exception | **できる** (dekiru - can do) | |
ightarrow$ **話せる** (hanaseru - can speak) | | **Irregular** (来る) | **来る** (kuru - to come) | Special exception | **来られる** (korareru - can come) | |
| **Group 2** (Ichidan/Ru-verbs) | Ends in **る** (preceded by E or I sound) | Replace **る** with **られる** ($る
###### 📝 Note: The ら-Drop (ら抜き言葉) ###### 📝 Note: The ら-Drop (ら抜き言葉)
In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped. In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped.
@@ -92,7 +91,8 @@ In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped.
The most important grammatical rule for potential verbs is the change in the direct object particle. The most important grammatical rule for potential verbs is the change in the direct object particle.
##### 2. Key Grammatical Usage: Particle Change ###### Particle Change: を (o) $
ightarrow$ が (ga)
When a transitive verb is put into the potential form, the direct object particle usually changes from **を** (*o*) to **が** (*ga*). When a transitive verb is put into the potential form, the direct object particle usually changes from **を** (*o*) to **が** (*ga*).