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10-Input/Classes/Japanese_Synopsis_2025-11-03.md
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# Japanese Class Synopsis (Week of 2025-10-30)
Here is a quick synopsis of the main grammar points for your reference.
* **Difficulty (`-にくい`):** To say something is difficult to do, add `-にくい` to the verb stem (e.g., `食べにくい` - hard to eat).
* **Receiving Favors (`〜てもらいます`):** Use this when you receive an action or favor from someone else. The focus is on you, the receiver.
* **Polite Requests (`〜ていただけませんか`):** This is a very polite and formal way to ask someone to do something for you, essentially "Would you please do...?"

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20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md
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The potential form in Japanese is used to express **ability** or **possibility** (e.g., "can do," "is able to"). Once a verb is in its potential form, it functions grammatically as a **Group 2 (Ichidan) verb**.
##### 1. How to Form Potential Verbs (Conjugation)
| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Group 1** (Godan/U-verbs) | Ends in a U-row kana | Change the final U-sound to the equivalent **E-sound** and add **る** ($U
ightarrow E + る$) | $E-る$ verb | **話す** (hanasu - to speak) $
ightarrow$ **話せる** (hanaseru - can speak) |
| **Group 2** (Ichidan/Ru-verbs) | Ends in **る** (preceded by E or I sound) | Replace **る** with **られる** ($る
| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example |
| :----------------------------- | :--------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **Group 1** (Godan/U-verbs) | Ends in a U-row kana | Change the final U-sound to the equivalent **E-sound** and add **る** ($U \rightarrow E + る$) | $E-る$ verb | **話す** (hanasu - to speak) $\rightarrow$ **話せる** (hanaseru - can speak) |
| **Group 2** (Ichidan/Ru-verbs) | Ends in **る** (preceded by E or I sound) | Replace **る** with **られる** ($る \rightarrow られる$) | $られる$ verb | **食べる** (taberu - to eat) $\rightarrow$ **食べられる** (taberareru - can eat) |
| **Irregular** (する) | **する** (suru - to do) | Special exception | **できる** (dekiru - can do) | |
| **Irregular** (来る) | **来る** (kuru - to come) | Special exception | **来られる** (korareru - can come) | |
###### 📝 Note: The ら-Drop (ら抜き言葉)
In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped.
@@ -92,7 +91,8 @@ In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped.
The most important grammatical rule for potential verbs is the change in the direct object particle.
##### 2. Key Grammatical Usage: Particle Change
###### Particle Change: を (o) $
ightarrow$ が (ga)
When a transitive verb is put into the potential form, the direct object particle usually changes from **を** (*o*) to **が** (*ga*).