"vault backup: 2026-05-14 14:31:18 from Flow"

20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md

@@ -314,6 +314,34 @@ This is a fundamental concept in Japanese grammar that distinguishes between ver
     - *Example: 家族がいるかどうか、わかりません。* (I don't know if I have family or not.)
     - *Example: 事故に遭ったかどうか、覚えっていません* (I don't remember if the accident happened or not.)
 
+- **という — Referring to Something by Name - *Added: 2026-04-23***: Use という to introduce something by its name.
+    - **Structure**: [Name] という [Item]
+    - *Example: ドリアンという果物を知っていますか？* (Do you know the fruit called durian?)
+    - *Example: 金閣寺というお寺を知っていますか？* (Do you know the temple called Kinkaku-ji?)
+    - *Example: 三線という楽器を知っていますか？* (Are you familiar with the instrument called the sanshin?)
+
+- **Easy and Difficult to Do (~やすい & ~にくい) - *Added: 2026-04-23***: Attach to the verb stem (ます-form minus ます) to say something is easy or difficult to do. Both conjugate like い-adjectives.
+    - **Verb stem + やすい** — easy to [verb]
+    - **Verb stem + にくい** — difficult to [verb]
+    - *Example: このパソコンは使いやすい* (This computer is easy to use.)
+    - *Example: このハイヒールは歩きにくいです* (These high heels are hard to walk in.)
+    - *Example: この本は分かりやすい* (This book is easy to understand.)
+    - *Example: 冬は交通事故が起きやすいです* (Car accidents are easy to have in winter.)
+    - *Example: グラスは割れやすいです / カップは割れにくいです* (Glasses shatter easily; cups are hard to shatter.)
+
+- **Resulting States: じどうし + ています vs. たどうし + てあります - *Added: 2026-05-14***: When describing the current state something is in as a result of an action.
+    - **じどうし (intransitive) + ています**: The thing is in a state. Agent unknown or irrelevant.
+        - Formula: [Object]が [じどうし]ています
+        - *Example: ドアが開いています* (The door is open — don't know/care who opened it.)
+        - *Example: 飲み物は冷蔵庫で冷えています* (The drinks are chilling in the fridge.)
+    - **たどうし (transitive) + てあります**: Someone *intentionally* put it in that state.
+        - Formula: [Agent]は [Object]を [たどうし]てあります
+        - *Example: 彼はドアを開けてあります* (He has opened the door — he did it on purpose.)
+        - *Example: テレビを消してありました* (The TV had been turned off — someone switched it off.)
+    - **Edge case**: Verbs with no intransitive form (おく, かける) use passive form instead.
+        - *Example: 花がテーブルの上に置かれています* (Flowers are placed on the table.)
+    - Use **いました / ありました** for past states.
+
 - **Instead of (Verb + ないで) - *Added: 2026-03-23***: Used to express doing one action instead of another.
     - **Structure**: [Thing you didn't do] + V+ないで + [Thing you did instead]
     - **Examples**:
@@ -387,21 +415,46 @@ These are unique humble forms that replace standard verbs entirely.
 - *Example:* 私は田中と申します (My name is Tanaka. Note: When introducing oneself, this literally means "As for me, Tanaka is what is said.")
 - *Example:* いつ日本にいらっしゃいましたか？ 三ヶ月前に参りました。 (When did you come to Japan? I arrived three months ago.)
 
-## Passive Verb Tense - *Added: 2026-01-28*
-This turns something like "To Scold" to "To be Scolded by"
-### Group 1 Verbs (godan) 
-Take the ~u sound, and change it to ~aれる. If the ending kana is う, it changes to われる
-	- しかる　-> しかられる
-	- さそう -> さそわれる
-### Group 2 Verbs (Ichidan)
-Take the ～る、and turn it into ～られる
-- 食べる -> 食べられる
+## Passive Verb Tense (受身形) - *Updated: 2026-04-30*
+Transforms a verb from "to do X" into "to be done X to by." Used when something happens *to* the subject, usually with a bad or undesired result. For good results, prefer てもらう instead — **exception**: ほめる (to praise) can use passive.
 
-### Group 3 Verbs
-する -> される
-	- 輸入する -> 輸入される // To Import -> To import by
-くる -> こられる
-	- 持ってくる -> 持ってこられる // To bring -> To be brought by
+| **Group** | **Dictionary Form** | **Passive Form** | **Example** |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| **Group 1** | ～u | ～aれる | しかる → しかられる |
+| | ～う | ～われる | さそう → さそわれる |
+| **Group 2** | ～る | ～られる | たべる → たべられる |
+| **Group 3** | する | される | ゆにゅうする → ゆにゅうされる |
+| | くる | こられる | もってくる → もってこられる |
+
+### Examples
+彼女はお母さんからスーパーに買い物に行って、と頼まれました
+The girl was asked by her mother to go grocery shopping.
+
+いとうさんは警察から注意されました
+Itou was warned by the police.
+
+鈴木さんは井上さんからデートに誘われます
+Suzuki was asked out on a date by Inoue.
+
+私は先生から褒められました
+I was praised by the teacher.
+- Note: ほめる is an exception — passive is fine even for good results.
+
+私は足を踏まれました
+My foot was stepped on.
+
+私は夫にケーキを食べられました
+My cake was eaten by my husband.
+
+私は息子に本を破られました
+My book was torn by my son.
+
+私の車で友達に飲み物をこぼされました
+A drink was spilled in my car by my friend.
+
+私は泥棒に財布を取られたんです
+My wallet was taken by a thief.
+- Note: んです adds an explanatory nuance — "it's that..." or "the thing is..." It can only follow plain form verbs (dictionary or た-form), not ます/です forms.
 
 ## Conditional Forms - *Added: 2026-01-28*
 ### 1. The ~eba (~えば) Form
@@ -617,6 +670,44 @@ Compare this with an い-adjective like `太い` (futoi), which means "thick" or
 - **招待 (しょうたい)** - Invitation - 2026-03-18
 - **名刺 (めいし)** - Business Card - 2026-03-18
 
+### Vocabulary - 2026-04-23
+- **往復 (おうふく)** - Round Trip
+- **一泊 (いっぱく)** - One Night Stay
+- **片道 (かたみち)** - One Way
+- **実家 (じっか)** - Hometown / Parents' home
+- **最低限 (さいていげん)** - Bare Minimum
+- **眺め (ながめ)** - View / Scenery
+    - 眺める (ながめる) - To look at / To gaze at
+- **録音 (ろくおん)** - Recording
+- **低い (ひくい)** - Low
+- **金閣寺 (きんかくじ)** - Kinkaku-ji / Golden Pavilion Temple
+- **三線 (さんしん)** - Sanshin (Okinawan three-stringed instrument)
+- **楽器 (がっき)** - Musical Instrument
+- **滑る (すべる)** - To slip (Godan)
+- **割れる (われる)** - To shatter (Ichidan)
+
+### Vocabulary - 2026-04-30
+- **梅雨 (つゆ)** - Rainy Season
+- **それる** - To deviate / To go off course
+- **憲法記念日 (けんぽうきねんび)** - Constitution Memorial Day (May 3)
+- **勤勉 (きんべん)** - Diligent
+- **招き猫 (まねきねこ)** - Lucky cat (beckons good fortune)
+- **頼む (たのむ)** - To ask / To request
+- **警察 (けいさつ)** - Police
+- **踏む (ふむ)** - To step on
+- **破る (やぶる)** - To tear / To rip
+- **こぼす** - To spill
+- **刺す (さす)** - To stab / To pierce
+- **蚊 (か)** - Mosquito
+
+### Vocabulary - 2026-05-14
+- **特別活動 (とくべつかつどう)** - Special Activity
+- **大会 (たいかい)** - Assembly / Convention
+- **割り当て (わりあて)** - Assignment / Allocation
+- **スリ** - Pickpocket
+- **貼る (はる)** - To stick / To paste
+- **旅行客 (りょこうきゃく)** - Tourists / Visitors
+
 ### Vocabulary - 2026-03-23
 - **半袖 (はんそで)** - Short Sleeves
 - **長袖 (ながそで)** - Long Sleeve