"vault backup: 2025-12-04 11:53:37 from Flow"
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@@ -185,13 +185,13 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u
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- **Noun Modification**: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it.
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- **Difficulty Suffix (にくい)**: To express that something is difficult to do, add **-にくい** to the verb stem (pre-ます form).
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- **Difficulty Suffix にくい**: To express that something is difficult to do, add **-にくい** to the verb stem (pre-ます form).
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- **Receiving Favors (〜てもらいます)**: Used when the subject receives a favor or action from someone else. The subject is the one receiving. *Example: 私は先生に日本語を教えてもらいます。 (I receive teaching of Japanese from the teacher.)*
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- **Receiving Favors (てもらいます)**: Used when the subject receives a favor or action from someone else. The subject is the one receiving. *Example: 私は先生に日本語を教えてもらいます。 (I receive teaching of Japanese from the teacher.)*
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- **Polite Requests (〜ていただけませんか？)**: A very polite way to ask someone to do something. Added to the て-form of a verb. *Example: このコンピュータを教えていただけませんか？ (Would you please teach me about this computer?)*
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- **Polite Requests (ていただけませんか)**: A very polite way to ask someone to do something. Added to the て-form of a verb. *Example: このコンピュータを教えていただけませんか？ (Would you please teach me about this computer?)*
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- **Expressing Hope (〜といいですね / 〜といいんですが)**:
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- **Expressing Hope (といいですね or といいんですが)**:
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- **For Others (〜といいですね / 〜といいね)**: Expresses hope for someone else. Added after a plain form verb, い-adjective, or な-adjective.
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- *Example: 早くよくなるといいですね (I hope you get better soon.)*
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- *Example: 合格するといいですね (I hope you pass the exam.)*
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@@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u
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- *Example: すてきな人と結婚できるといいんですが (I hope I can marry a wonderful person.)*
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- *Example: 給料は上がるといいんですが (I hope my salary rises.)*
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- **Expressing "When" (〜とき)**: Added to the plain form of a verb to create a time-referencing clause. The tense of the verb before とき indicates the timing of the main action.
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- **Expressing When (とき)**: Added to the plain form of a verb to create a time-referencing clause. The tense of the verb before とき indicates the timing of the main action.
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- **Present Tense + とき**: The main action occurs *during* the action in the とき clause.
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- *Example: 会社に行く時に友達を会いました。 (I met my friend on the way to work.)*
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- **Past Tense + とき**: The main action occurs *after* the action in the とき clause was completed.
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- *Example: パリに行った時にこのかばんを買いました。 (When I went to Paris, I bought this bag.)*
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- **Expressing Apology (〜てすみませんでした)**: Used to apologize for an action, often for something that couldn't be done.
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- **Expressing Apology (てすみませんでした)**: Used to apologize for an action, often for something that couldn't be done.
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- **Formula**: Verb (て-form) + すみませんでした
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- **Note**: If apologizing for *not* doing something, use the negative て-form (なくて).
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- *Example*: パーティーへ行かなくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry I couldn't go to the party.)
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@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u
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- *Example: 宿題を持って来なくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry for not bringing the homework.)*
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- **Quoting Someone (Informal) (〜って言いました)** - 2025-11-25: A less formal equivalent of `〜と言います` for quoting others. It requires the verb preceding it to be in the plain (dictionary) form, not the -ます form. The latter part of the phrase (e.g., `言いました`) is often omitted in casual conversation.
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- **Quoting Someone Informal (って言いました)** - 2025-11-25: A less formal equivalent of `〜と言います` for quoting others. It requires the verb preceding it to be in the plain (dictionary) form, not the -ます form. The latter part of the phrase (e.g., `言いました`) is often omitted in casual conversation.
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- **Formula**: Plain Form + って言いました / って
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- **Examples**:
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- *A-sanが”明日は休む”って言いました* (A-san said, "I'm off tomorrow.")
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@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u
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- *A-sanが「資料を作って」って* (A-san said, "Make the materials.")
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- *ニュースで「けいざいがよくなっている」って* (The news said, "The economy is improving.")
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- **Conditional "If" (もし...だったら/たら)** - 2025-11-25: A common, less formal way to express "if" (less formal than `なら`).
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- **Conditional If (もしだったら or たら)** - 2025-11-25: A common, less formal way to express "if" (less formal than `なら`).
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- **Verb**: Conjugate the verb to its plain past tense (た-form) and add `ら`.
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- *Example: もしたくさんお金が**あったら**、新しい車を買います。* (If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.)
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- **Noun or な-Adjective**: Add `だったら`.
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@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u
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- *この靴はサイズが合いますか？履いてみてもいいですか？* (Do these shoes fit my size? Can I try them on?)
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- *この本は面白いですか？読んでみてもいいですか？* (Is this book interesting? May I try reading it?)
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- *沖縄のがまを見てみたい。* (I want to try to see the caves in Okinawa.)
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- **Hearsay (〜そうです)** - 2025-11-20: This pattern is used to report information that you have heard from another source. It is appended to the plain (non-polite) form of verbs andい-adjectives. For な-adjectives and nouns, you must add だ before そうです.
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- **Hearsay (そうです)** - 2025-11-20 This pattern is used to report information that you have heard from another source. It is appended to the plain (non-polite) form of verbs andい-adjectives. For な-adjectives and nouns, you must add だ before そうです.
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- **Formula**: Plain Form (Verb/Adjective) + そうです
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- **Formula (Noun/な-Adj)**: Noun/な-Adj + だ + そうです
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- **Citing a Source**: To mention where you heard the information, use the pattern: `[Source] + によると`.
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@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by u
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- *明日は天気予報によると寒くなるそうです。* (I heard from the weather report that it will get cold tomorrow.)
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- *週末は天気予報によると嵐になるそうです。* (I heard from the weather report that it will become stormy this weekend.)
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- **Confirmation Conditions (ら)** - 2025-12-04: This pattern is used to express a conditional, similar to "if" or "when" in English. It's formed by taking the past tense plain form of a verb (the た-form) and adding `ら`. It indicates that the second clause of the sentence will happen after the condition in the first clause is met. This is a very common and versatile conditional form.
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- **Confirmation Conditions (ra)** - 2025-12-04 This pattern is used to express a conditional, similar to "if" or "when" in English. It's formed by taking the past tense plain form of a verb (the た-form) and adding `ら`. It indicates that the second clause of the sentence will happen after the condition in the first clause is met. This is a very common and versatile conditional form.
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- **Formation:**
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- Verb (た-form) + ら
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- い-Adjective (stem) + かったら
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