Inanis_Vault/20-Knowledge/Synthesized-Japanese-Class-Notes.md

---
type: Knowledge
title: Synthesized Japanese Class Notes
---

# Synthesized Japanese Class Notes

This note is a synthesized compilation of all Japanese class notes from the `10-Input` folder. The content has been organized by topic for clarity and ease of reference.

79674766584:0173

## Grammar

### Parts of Speech

- **めいし (名詞)** - Noun
- **どうし (動詞)** - Verb
- **けいようし (形容詞)** - Adjective
- **じょし (助詞)** - Particle
- **しゅご (主語)** - Subject of a sentence

### Particles

- **か** - Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.
- **の** - Connects two nouns (Noun 1 + の + Noun 2), where Noun 1 modifies or describes Noun 2. Can also be used as a placeholder for aforementioned or unknown things.
- **に** - Indicates a specific point in time, purpose, or location of existence.
- **で** - Indicates the location where an action takes place or the means by which an action is done ("by").
- **も** - Means "also" or "too." Can be used to show surprise at a large quantity.
- **が** - Marks the subject of a sentence or the object of liking/disliking.
- **を** - Marks the direct object of a verb.
- **から / ので** - Both mean "because" or "so." ので is generally more formal/polite.
- **や** - Used to list things loosely, similar to saying "like" or "such as".
- **なら** - Conditional particle for hypothetical situations, contrasts, or providing information based on a premise ("if").

### Verb Conjugations

#### て-form (Te-form)

The て-form is used to connect verbs, make requests, and in many other grammatical patterns.

- **Rules:**
    - Verbs ending in **う, つ, る** → **って**
    - Verbs ending in **ぬ, む, ぶ** → **んで**
    - Verbs ending in **く** → **いて**
    - Verbs ending in **ぐ** → **いで**
    - Verbs ending in **す** → **して**
    - **Irregular:** する → して, くる → きて

- **Usages:**
    - **〜てください** - Please do...
    - **〜てもいいですか** - May I do...?
    - **〜てはいけません / 〜てはだめです** - You must not do...
    - **〜て〜て...** - To list activities in sequential order.
    - **〜ています** - Present continuous tense.
    - **まだ + 〜ていません** - I haven't done... yet.

#### Non-Polite (Plain) Form

- **のむ (to drink):** のまない (neg), のんだ (past), のまなかった (past-neg)
- **くる (to come):** こない (neg), きた (past), こなかった (past-neg)
- **ある (to exist):** ない (neg), あった (past), なかった (past-neg)

#### Volitional Form

Used to express intention or suggestion in a non-polite way.

- **Godan verbs (u-verbs):** Change the final 'u' sound to an 'o' sound and add 'u'. (e.g., 飲む → 飲もう)
- **Ichidan verbs (ru-verbs):** Replace the final 'る' with 'よう'. (e.g., 食べる → 食べよう)
- **Irregular:** する → しよう, くる → こよう

#### Potential Verbs

The potential form in Japanese is used to express **ability** or **possibility** (e.g., "can do," "is able to"). Once a verb is in its potential form, it functions grammatically as a **Group 2 (Ichidan) verb**.

##### How to Form Potential Verbs (Conjugation)

| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Group 1** (Godan/U-verbs) | Ends in a U-row kana | Change the final U-sound to the equivalent **E-sound** and add **る** ($U \rightarrow E + る$) | $E-る$ verb | **話す** (hanasu - to speak) $\rightarrow$ **話せる** (hanaseru - can speak) |
| **Group 2** (Ichidan/Ru-verbs) | Ends in **る** (preceded by E or I sound) | Replace **る** with **られる** ($る \rightarrow られる$) | $られる$ verb | **食べる** (taberu - to eat) $\rightarrow$ **食べられる** (taberareru - can eat) |
| **Irregular** (する) | **する** (suru - to do) | Special exception | **できる** (dekiru - can do) | |
| **Irregular** (来る) | **来る** (kuru - to come) | Special exception | **来られる** (korareru - can come) | |

###### Note The ra-Drop (ranuki kotoba)
In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped.
* **Standard:** 食べられる (taberareru)
* **Colloquial (Non-Standard):** 食べれる (tabereru)

---

##### Key Grammatical Usage Particle Change

The most important grammatical rule for potential verbs is the change in the direct object particle.

###### Particle Change: を (o) $\rightarrow$ が (ga)

When a transitive verb is put into the potential form, the direct object particle usually changes from **を** (*o*) to **が** (*ga*).

| Verb Form | Example Sentence | Meaning |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Non-Potential** | 私は**日本語を**話します。 | I speak Japanese. |
| **Potential** | 私は**日本語が**話せます。 | I **can** speak Japanese. |

> **Tip:** While **が** is grammatically correct and preferred in formal writing, you may frequently hear **を** used with potential verbs in casual conversation.

---

##### Alternative Expression of Potential

You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by using the phrase **～ことができる** (koto ga dekiru), which means "the thing/action of {verb} can be done."

* **Formula:** Plain Form of Verb + **ことができる**

| Method               | Example                  | Meaning               |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Potential Verb**   | 日本語**が** **話せます**。       | I can speak Japanese. |
| **Alternative Form** | 日本語を **話す** **ことができます**。 | I can speak Japanese. |

#### Transitive (他動詞) and Intransitive (自動詞) Verbs - *Updated: 2025-12-31*
This is a fundamental concept in Japanese grammar that distinguishes between verbs that require a direct object and those that do not.

- **Transitive Verbs (他動詞 - tadoushi)**:
    - An action done *by* a subject *to* an object.
    - The object is marked with the particle **を (o)**.
    - *Example: 私が電気**を**つけます。* (I turn on the light.)
- **Intransitive Verbs (自動詞 - jidoushi)**:
    - An action that happens *on its own*. There is no direct object.
    - The subject is marked with the particle **が (ga)**.
    - *Example: 電気**が**つきます。* (The light is on.)
- **Common Pairs**: Many verbs come in pairs. Learning them together is an effective way to master their usage. When using Intransitive Verbs, its usually best to use ～ている form, because the thing is in a state of being whatever.
		
| **Transitive (他動詞)** | **Intransitive (自動詞)** | **English Meaning**          |
| -------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------------- |
| **開ける** (あける)        | **開く** (あく)            | To open                      |
| **閉める** (しめる)        | **閉まる** (しまる)          | To close                     |
| **入れる** (いれる)        | **入る** (はいる)           | To put in / To enter         |
| **出す** (だす)          | **出る** (でる)            | To take out / To go out      |
| **点ける** (つける)        | **点く** (つく)            | To turn on (light/appliance) |
| **消す** (けす)          | **消える** (きえる)          | To turn off / To disappear   |
| **壊す** (こわす)         | **壊れる** (こわれる)         | To break                     |
| **汚す** (よごす)         | **汚れる** (よごれる)         | To make dirty / To get dirty |
| **落とす** (おとす)        | **落ちる** (おちる)          | To drop / To fall            |
| **沸かす** (わかす)        | **沸く** (わく)            | To boil (water)              |
| 割る (わる)              | 割れる (われる)              | To shatter                   |
| 折る (おる)              | 折れる (おれる)              | To Fold                      |
| 無くす (なくす)            | 無くなる (なくなる)            | To lose an object            |

### Adjective Conjugations

#### い-Adjectives

- **Negative:** Replace い with **くない**.
- **Past:** Replace い with **かった**.
- **Past Negative:** Replace い with **くなかった**.
- **Connecting (Te-form):** Replace い with **くて**.

#### な-Adjectives

- **Negative:** Add **じゃありません**.
- **Past:** Add **でした**.
- **Past Negative:** Add **じゃありませんでした**.
- **Connecting (Te-form):** Add **で**.

### Sentence Structures

- **Making Invitations**
    - **〜ませんか？** - Polite invitation ("Would you like to...?").
    - **〜ましょう** - Suggestion ("Let's...").
    - **〜ましょうか？** - Suggestion/Offer ("Shall we...? / Shall I...?").

- **Expressing "I think" (と思います)**: Place と思います after a phrase in the non-polite tense. Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ.

- **Quoting Someone (と言います / って言いました)** - *Updated: 2025-11-25*: Use 「 」 for direct quotes followed by と言います. A less formal equivalent is `〜って言いました` which requires the preceding verb to be in plain form.
    - *Example (Formal)*: *A-sanが”明日は休む”って言いました* (A-san said, "I'm off tomorrow.")
    - *Example (Informal)*: *A-sanが「会議は午後からだ」って* (A-san said, "The meeting is from the afternoon.")

- **Hearsay (そうです)** - *Added: 2025-11-20*: Used to report information heard from another source. It is appended to the plain form of verbs and い-adjectives. For な-adjectives and nouns, add だ before そうです.
    - **Citing a Source**: To mention where you heard the information, use the pattern: `[Source] + によると`.
    - *Example: 天気予報によると今日は雨が降るそうです。* (According to the weather forecast, I heard it will rain today.)

- **Making Comparisons**: **A の方が B より ADJ です** - A is more ADJ than B.

- **Expressing Superlatives**: **[Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか？** - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]?

- **Expressing Intention (つもりです)**: Use a non-polite verb followed by つもりです to state you plan to do something.

- **Expressing "to Become" (になる or くなる)**:
    - **Noun / な-Adjective + になる**
    - **い-Adjective (stem) + くなる**

- **Expressing "I want to" (たい)**: Change the ます form of a verb to 〜たい. Conjugates like an い-adjective.

- **Expressing someone else wants (たがる)**: To describe observations of another person's desire.

- **Stating Purpose**: Use the verb stem + に + verb of motion (e.g., 行きます, 来ます).

- **Expressing "Probably" (でしょう)**: Used for predictions.

- **Expressing Preparation (ておく)**: Indicates something was done in preparation.

- **Making Suggestions (たらどうですか)**: Suggests trying an action.

- **Polite Questions (んです)**: Makes a question less direct and more polite.

- **Listing Activities Loosely (たりたりする)**: Lists example activities without a specific order.

- **Expressing Experience (たことがあります)**: Use the past tense (た-form) of a verb followed by ことがあります.

- **Expressing "Too much" (すぎる)**: Add すぎる to the verb or adjective stem.

- **Giving Advice (方がいい)**: "It would be better to..."

- **Multiple Reasons Why (し)**: Used to list multiple reasons for a result.

- **Expressing "Seems to be" (そうです)**: Used to describe an impression based on appearance.

- **Trying To (〜てみる)** - *Added: 2025-11-20*: To express the idea of trying something out, conjugate a verb to its て-form and then append the verb みる.
    - *Example: この服は着てみてもいいですか？* (Is it okay if I try on these clothes?)
    - *Example: 沖縄のがまを見てみたい。* (I want to try to see the caves in Okinawa.)

- **Noun Modification**: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it.

- **Difficulty Suffix (-にくい)**: To express that something is difficult to do, add **-にくい** to the verb stem (pre-ます form).

- **Receiving Favors (てもらいます)**: Used when the subject receives a favor or action from someone else. The subject is the one receiving. *Example: 私は先生に日本語を教えてもらいます。 (I receive teaching of Japanese from the teacher.)*

- **Polite Requests (ていただけませんか)**: A very polite way to ask someone to do something. Added to the て-form of a verb. *Example: このコンピュータを教えていただけませんか？ (Would you please teach me about this computer?)*

- **Expressing Hope (といいですね or といいんですが)**:
    - **For Others (〜といいですね / 〜といいね)**: Expresses hope for someone else. *Example: 早くよくなるといいですね (I hope you get better soon.)*
    - **For Oneself (〜といいんですが / 〜といいんだけど / 〜といいな)**: Expresses hope for oneself. *Example: すてきな人と結婚できるといいんですが (I hope I can marry a wonderful person.)*

- **Expressing "When" (とき)**: Added to the plain form of a verb to create a time-referencing clause. The tense of the verb before とき indicates the timing.
    - **Present Tense + とき**: Main action occurs *during* the clause action. *Example: 会社に行く時に友達を会いました。 (I met my friend on the way to work.)*
    - **Past Tense + とき**: Main action occurs *after* the clause action was completed. *Example: パリに行った時にこのかばんを買いました。 (When I went to Paris, I bought this bag.)*

- **Expressing Apology (てすみませんでした)**: Used to apologize for an action. For not doing something, use the negative て-form (なくて).
    - *Example*: パーティーへ行かなくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry I couldn't go to the party.)

- **Conditionals and Sequencing**:
    - **Conditional "If" (〜たら / 〜なら)** - *Updated: 2025-11-25*: `〜たら` is a common conditional formed with the past-tense plain form (た-form). `〜なら` is used for hypotheticals or contrasts based on a premise.
        - *Example (たら)*: もしたくさんお金が**あったら**、新しい車を買います。 (If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.)
        - *Example (なら)*: 車のことなら、彼が詳しいです。 (If it's about cars, he knows a lot.)
    - **Natural Consequence "When/If" (と)** - *Updated: 2026-01-14*: Used for natural, inevitable consequences. The verb before と is present tense. This form cannot be followed by expressions of will or requests.
        - **Special Note**: This pattern is for natural consequences. If you want to express your own will, desire, or make a request after the condition (e.g., using `～たいです`, `～てください`), you should use the `～たら` conditional form instead.
        - *Example: 冬になると寒くなります。* (When winter comes, it gets cold.)
        - *Example: ボタンを押しますとジュースが出ます。* (When you press the button, juice will come out.)

    - **Sequential Action "After" (〜てから)** - *Added: 2025-12-23*: Emphasizes that one action happens only after another is completed.
        - *Example: シャワーを浴びてから、ご飯を食べます。* (After I take a shower, I will eat.)

- **Multi-tasking (〜ながら)** - *Added: 2026-01-14*: Connects two actions happening simultaneously. Added to the verb stem (pre-ます form). The second verb is the main action.
    - *Example: 音楽を聴きながら、仕事をしています。* (While listening to music, I am working.)
    - *Example: テレビを見て、クッキーを食べながら、携帯を使います。* (I watch TV, eat cookies, and use my phone.)
    - *Example: ご飯を食べながら、携帯を使ってはいけません。* (You must not use your cell phone while eating.)

- **Expressing "Looks Like" (〜みたいです)** - *Added: 2025-12-11*: Used to make comparisons or observations.
    - *Example (Comparison)*: *彼の頭はコンピュータみたいです。* (His brain is like a computer.)
    - *Example (Observation)*: *雨が降ったみたいです。* (It looks like it rained.)

- **"Before" an Action (前に)** - *Added: 2025-12-11*: Indicates an action happens before another. The verb before 前に is always dictionary form.
    - *Example: ご飯を食べる前に、手を洗います。* (Before you eat, wash your hands.)

- **"No Need To" (〜なくてもいいです)** - *Added: 2025-12-04*: Expresses that there is no necessity to do an action. Formed from the negative `ない` form.
    - *Example: 日曜日は早く起きなくてもいいです。* (On Sundays, it's okay to not wake up early.)

- **Completion or Regret (〜てしまいます)** - *Added: 2026-01-08*: Can express completion of an action, or disappointment/regret about an action.
    - *Example (Completion)*: レポートを書いてしまいます。 (I have to finish writing the report.)
    - *Example (Regret)*: 財布が無くなってしまいました。 (My wallet is gone [and I'm sad about it].)

- **Multi-tasking (〜ながら)** - *Added: 2026-01-14*: Connects two actions happening simultaneously. Added to the verb stem (pre-ます form). The second verb is the main action.
    - *Example: 音楽を聴きながら、仕事をしています。* (While listening to music, I am working.)
    - *Example: テレビを見て、クッキーを食べながら、携帯を使います。* (I watch TV, eat cookies, and use my phone.)
    - *Example: タバコを吸いながら、歩きます。* (While smoking tobacco, I walk.)

- **Prayers or Hopes (〜ように)** - *Added: 2025-12-31*: Used to express a wish or prayer. Often used with the potential form.
	- *Example: 健康でいられますように。* (I hope I can stay healthy.)

- **Nominalization (Using の as a placeholder)** - *Added: 2026-01-21*: You can use の to turn a preceding verb phrase into a noun. This allows the phrase to act as a subject or object in a sentence. The verb before の must be in the plain form (dictionary, negative, past, etc.).
    - *Example (as subject)*: *子供を育てるの**は**大変です。* (Raising a child is very hard.)
    - *Example (as object)*: *私はAさんが中国語を勉強しているの**を**知っています。* (I know that A-san is studying Chinese.)
    - *Example (past tense)*: *彼女はBさんに赤ちゃんが生まれたのを知っています。* (She knows that B-san had a baby.)
    - *Example: 彼は食べるのがゆっくりです* (His eating is slow)

## Passive Verb Tense - *Added: 2026-01-28*
This turns something like "To Scold" to "To be Scolded by"
### Group 1 Verbs (godan) 
Take the ~u sound, and change it to ~aれる. If the ending kana is う, it changes to われる
	- しかる　-> しかられる
	- さそう -> さそわれる
### Group 2 Verbs (Ichidan)
Take the ～る、and turn it into ～られる
- 食べる -> 食べられる

### Group 3 Verbs
する -> される
	- 輸入する -> 輸入される // To Import -> To import by
くる -> こられる
	- 持ってくる -> 持ってこられる // To bring -> To be brought by

## Conditional Forms - *Added: 2026-01-28*
### 1. The ~eba (~えば) Form

This is often called the **"Logical If."** Use this when focusing on the condition required to achieve a specific result.

- **How to form it:** **Verbs:** Change the final _~u_ sound to _~e_ and add _ば_. (e.g., _Iku_ → _Ikeba_)
    
    - **I-Adjectives:** Drop the final _~i_, add _~kereba_. (e.g., _Samui_ → _Samukereba_)
        
- **The Vibe:** It’s very "If A happens, then B will definitely follow." It is often used for instructions, proverbs, or mathematical certainties.
    

### 2. The Nakereba (なければ) Form

This is simply the **negative version of ~eba**. It translates to **"If "something" does not happen."** 

- **How to form it:** Take the negative (_nai_) form of a verb, drop the _~i_, and add _~kereba_.
    
- **Example:** _Tabenai_ (don't eat) → _Tabenakereba_ (If I don't eat).
    
- **Common Use:** You’ll see this in the phrase for "must": _~nakereba narimasen_ (lit: "If you don't do it, it won't be okay").
- Can also stick "よかった" after it to mean "I wish I "
    

---

### 3. The ~tara (~ら) Form

This is the **"Conversational If."** It is the most versatile and common conditional in spoken Japanese.

- **How to form it:** Take the **past tense** of the verb/adjective and add _~ra_.
    
    - **Verbs:** _Itta_ (went) → _Ittara_ (If/when I go).
        
    - **Adjectives:** _Samukatta_ (was cold) → _Samukattara_ (If it's cold).
        
- **The Vibe:** It can mean "if" (hypothetical) or "when" (temporal). It’s very safe to use in almost any casual situation.
    
#### What is the negative of ~tara?

The negative form is **~nakattara**.

- **How to form it:** Take the negative past tense (_~nakatta_) and add _~ra_.
    
- **Example:** _Ikanakatta_ (didn't go) → _Ikanakattara_ (If I don't go/If I hadn't gone).

### Examples
- 僕はもっと勉強すればよかった
	- I should have studied more
- 僕は家に早く帰ればよかった
	- I should have gone home earlier

## 尊敬語　- そんけいご　- Honorifics - *Updated: 2026-02-18*
Honorific verbs. Used in very formal situations, and only used for others. We also don't use it for people we are familiar with, so not friends or family, but maybe supervisor or elders. 

### 1. General Rule (Formulaic)
1. Take a verb
	1. Can not use any of Group 3 verbs (する, くる)
	2. Can not use any verb with only a single kana before the ~ます
2. Turn it into polite form (~ます), then kill the ます so its just the stem
3. Drop it in the structure: **お + Verb Stem + になります**

#### Examples
- 部長はジャズをお聞きになります (The department head listens to jazz.)
- 先生はイタリア語をお話になります (The teacher speaks Italian.)

### 2. Special Respectful Verbs (Sonkeigo)
These unique forms replace standard verbs entirely to show high respect.

| Polite Form (Masu) | Special Respectful Verbs | Meaning |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| いきます / きます / います | **いらっしゃいます** | To go / To come / To be |
| たべます / のみます | **めしあがります** | To eat / To drink |
| いいます | **おっしゃいます** | To say |
| しっています | **ごぞんじです** | To know |
| しりません | **ごぞんじじゃありません** | To not know |
| みます | **ごらんになります** | To see / To look at |
| します | **なさいます** | To do |
| くれます | **くださいます** | To give (to me) |

#### Examples
- 課長はお弁当をめしあがります (The chief will have lunch.)
- 課長は中国語を勉強なさっています (The section chief is studying Chinese.)
- 普段どこで映画をご覧になりますか？ (Where do you usually watch movies?)
- 部長は私のパソコンは直してくださいます。
	The manager will fix my computer.
- 先生は僕に親切にしてくださいます
	The teacher is kind to me
- エホバは僕たちを助けてくださいます
	Jehovah Helps Us
- そんな風に言ってくださってありがとうございます
	Thank you for saying that. Actually a really good thing to know.

### 3. Polite Request Formulas
Used to give instructions or make requests more politely than 〜てください.

#### Formulas by Verb Group
- **Group 1 & 2:** **お + 【Verb stem】 + ください**
    - **おはいりください** (Please enter)
    - **おかかけください** (Please have a seat)
- **Group 3 (Sino-Japanese):** **ご + 【Noun/Stem】 + ください**
    - **ごれんらくください** (Please contact us)
    - **ごちゅういください** (Please be careful)
    - **\* おでんわください** (Exception: uses お instead of ご)

#### Special Respectful Requests
- **【Verb て form】 + ください + ます**
    - **いらっしゃってください** (Please come/go/be)
- **Specific Special Requests:**
    - **おめしあがりください** (Please eat/drink) - *Can also say めしあがってください*
    - **ごらんください** (Please look) - *ご覧になってください also works*

---

### Usage Note: お vs ご Prefix
- **お:** Use with traditional Japanese words (Kunyomi).
- **ご:** Use with Sino-Japanese words (Onyomi).

### Expressing Gratitude
- **【て form of action】 + ありがとうございます** (Thank you for [doing something])

## Describing Body States - *Added: 2026-01-21*
When describing a person's current physical state (like being slim or overweight), it's common to use the `～ている` form of a verb. This describes the result of a change that has occurred and is ongoing. This is different from using a simple い-adjective, which often describes the inherent quality of an object.

- 痩せる -> やせる -> To become slim
	- 痩せている -> (He/She) is slim (existing in a slim state)
- 太る -> ふとる -> To become fat
	- 太っている -> (He/She) is fat (existing in a state of being fat)

Compare this with an い-adjective like `太い` (futoi), which means "thick" or "fat." You would use this for objects or specific body parts, not typically to describe a person's overall state in a polite context.
- e.g., `太い腕` (futoi ude) -> A thick arm.

## Vocabulary

### Nouns

- **Nouns (General):**
	- 交通事項 (こうつうじこ) -> Traffic Accident
	- 太陽 (たいよう) -> Sun
	- 歯 (は) -> Teeth
	- 真冬 (まふゆ) -> Mid-Winter
	- 初詣 (はつもうで) -> First visit of the year to a shrine
	- 健康 (けんこう) -> Health
	- 聖なる力 (せいなるちから) -> Holy Spirit
	- 硝子 (ガラス) -> Glass
- **People & Titles:** うんてんしゅ (driver), おとしより (elderly person), かいしゃいん (office worker), きょうだい (spiritual brother), ちょうろ (elder), 安愛がかり (あんないがかり) - Greeter, お金持ち (rich person), 奥さん (おくさん) - Wife (someone else's), 旦那さん (だんなさん) - Husband (someone else's)
- **Places:** おうこくかいかん (Kingdom Hall), くうこう (airport), こうえん (park), しやくしょ (city hall), としょかん (library), びじゅつかん (art museum), ゆうびんきょく (post office)
- **Time & Frequency:** あさって (day after tomorrow), いちにちじゅう (all day), おととい (two days ago), こんど (next time), しょうがつ / しんねん (New Years), まいしゅう (every week), 将来 (しょうらい) - near future
- **Food & Drink:** ごはん (rice/meal), しお (salt), すきやき (sukiyaki), やきにく (BBQ), やしょく (late night snack), 洋食 (ようしょく) - Western food
- **Objects & Concepts:** いさん (heritage), えんぴつ (pencil), かばん (bag), くるま (car), けいたい (cell phone), しごと (work), しつもん (question), せいしょ (Bible), でんしゃ (train), りょこう (trip/travel), 洋食 (ようしょく) - Western food, 合格発表 (ごうかく はっぴょう) - pass exam announcement, 給料 (きゅうりょう) - salary, 実現 (じつげん) - achievement/realization, 公開講演 (こうかいこうえん) - public talk, 緊張 (きんちょう) - nervousness, 区域 (くいき) - Congregation Territory, 忍耐 (にんたい) - Patience (from God), 基地 (きち) - Military Base, 遅刻 (ちこく) - Delay, 宿題 (しゅくだい) - Homework, 教科書 (きょうかしょ) - Text Book, 日の出 (ひので) - Sunlight, 離島 (りとう) - Small islands off a big island, 天気予報 (てんきよほう) - Weather report, 嵐 (あらし) - Storm
- **Natural Phenomena:** - 2025-11-25: 断水 (だんすい) - Water Main/Cut, 地震 (じしん) - Earthquake, 洗濯 (せんたく) - Laundry
- **Other:** 軍隊 (ぐんたい) - Military, おく - Billion, 自動チェックイン (じどうチェックイン) - Self Check-in

### Vocabulary - 2026-01-08
- **線路 (せんろ)** - Line, usually refers to the tracks at a station
- **試合 (しあい)** - Sports Match
- **遅れる (おくれる)** - To be late
- **着く (つく)** - To arrive

### Vocabulary - 2026-01-14
- 少しずつ -> ずつ means "little by little"
- 自由 -> じゆう -> Freedom
- 上手くいく -> うまい + いく -> Smoothly Go
- 自動販売機 -> じどうはんばいき -> Automatic Selling Machine -> Vending
- 歯医者 -> はいしゃ -> Dental Clinic
- 風邪をひく -> かぜをひく ->  To get a cold
	- But most use なる、インフルエンザになる
	- Can also use かかる, which means "to suffer". インフルエンザにかかる
- 年を取る -> To grow old
- 使う -> つかう -> to use

### Vocabulary - 2026-01-21
- 育てる -> そだてる -> To Raise (transitive)
- 育つ -> そだつ -> To raise (intransitive)
- 習慣 -> しゅうかん -> Habit/Custom
- 変わる -> かわる -> To change (intransitive)
- 変える -> かえる　-> To change (transitive)
- 噓をつく -> To Tell a lie

### Vocabulary - 2026-01-28
- 種類 -> しゅるい -> Type
- 雑種 -> ざっしゅ -> Mutt, also works for cats
- 苦手 -> にがて -> Not good at, but subjective. Like something one things of themselves. へた is something they objectively suck at.

### Vocabulary - 2026-02-04
- 異常 - いじょう - Abnormal (な Adj)
- 二日酔い - ふつかよい - Hangover (Noun) - LIT: Second day drunk
- 貯金 - ちょきん - Save Money
	- 貯金する -> To Save Money

### Vocabulary - 2026-02-18
- **春分 (しゅんぶん)** - Vernal Equinox
- **秋分 (しゅうぶん)** - Autumnal Equinox
- **普段 (ふだん)** - Usually
- **受付 (うけつけ)** - Reception
- **お見舞い (おみまい)** - Get well soon gifts

### Verbs

- **あう (会う)** - To meet
- **あるく (歩く)** - To walk
- **いく (行く)** - To go
- **うんてんする (運転する)** - To drive
- **およぐ (泳ぐ)** - To swim
- **かう (飼う)** - To keep (a pet)
- **きく (聴く)** - To listen
- **する (suru)** - To do
- **たべる (食べる)** - To eat
- **でかける (出かける)** - To go out
- **はなす (話す)** - To speak
- **まつ (待つ)** - To wait
- **よむ (読む)** - To read
- **差 (さ)** - Range (suffix for adjectives)
- **安愛する (あんないする)** - To guide
- **届ける (とどける)** - To deliver/forward
- **説明する (せつめいする)** - To explain
- **診る (みる)** - To examine (medical)
- **探す (さがす)** - To look for
- **連れていく (つれていく)** - To bring someone
- **出来る (できる)** - to be able to
- **昇進する (しょうしん する)** - to be promoted
- **出世する (しゅっせ する)** - to be promoted (more impactful)
- **慣れる (なれる)** - To get Used to
- **心開く (こころひらく)** - Open Minded/Open Hearted
- **成長する (せいちょうする)** - To grow in size
- **見送る (みおくる)** - To send off, to see off
- **出迎える (でむかえる)** - To go to entrance, and welcome other person
- **誘う (さそう)** - to invite
- **困る (こまる)** - To get in trouble
- **年を取る (としをとる)** - To become old
- **着く (つく)** - to arrive
- **官憲します (かんけんします)** - To do an expedition
- **切る (きる)** - to turn off/cut off
- **消す (けす)** - to turn off/make disappear
- **出す (だす)** - 2025-12-23: To put out, to submit (Transitive)
- **下す (くだす)** - to lower
- **戻る (もどる)** - To go back

### Adjectives

- **い-Adjectives:** あたらしい (new), あつい (hot), いそがしい (busy), おいしい (delicious), おおきい (big), さむい (cold), ちいさい (small), むずかしい (difficult), やさしい (easy/kind), やすい (cheap), 悲しい (かなしい) - Sad (serious), 我慢強い (がまんづよい) - Patient, 使いやすい (つかいやすい) - To be useful, 上手い (うまい) - 2025-12-23: Smoothly, skillful, 懐かしい (なつかしい) - 2025-12-23: Nostalgic
- **な-Adjectives:** かんたん (easy), きれい (pretty/clean), げんき (healthy), しずか (quiet), じょうず (skilled), すき (likeable), べんり (convenient), ゆうめい (famous), 残念 (ざんねん) - Disappointed/Too bad
- **Like/Dislike Scale:** 大好き (love) > 好き (like) > 嫌い (dislike) > 大嫌い (hate)

### Adverbs & Expressions

- **あまり + negative** - Not often
- **じつは** - Actually
- **ずっと** - Much / A lot
- **ぜんぜん + negative** - Not at all
- **たくさん** - A lot
- **ときどき** - Sometimes
- **ゆっくり** - Slowly
- **喜んで (よろこんで)** - With joy/pleasure
- **頭がぼうっとします** - My head feels foggy

## Phrases & Greetings

- **おはよう** - Good morning
- **よろしくお願いします** - Nice to meet you
- **おだいじに** - Take care (when someone is sick)
- **ただいま** - I'm home
- **おかえり** - Welcome back
- **行ってきます (いってきます)** - I'm leaving
- **お帰りなさい (おかえりなさい)** - Welcome Back (more formal)
- **いただきます** - Said before eating
- **おなかがすきます** - I'm hungry
- **のどがかわきました** - I'm thirsty