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Random Words
特別活動 -> とくべつ かつどう -> Special Activity 分会 -> ぶんかい -> To separate 旅行客 -> りょこうきゃく -> Visitors 大会 -> たいかい -> Assembly 割り当て -> わりあて スリ - Pickpocket する -> To pickpocket 冷やす -> ひやす -> To make cold (たどうし) 冷える -> ひえる -> To make cold (じどうし) 貼る -> はる -> To stick/Paste 入れる -> いれる -> To Insert (たどうし) 入る -> はいる -> To Insert (じどうし)
Main Point
Resulting States: じどうし + ています vs. たどうし + てあります
When you want to describe the current state something is in as a result of an action, you use Vて + います or Vて + あります — which one depends on whether the verb is intransitive or transitive.
- じどうし (intransitive) — the subject acts on itself. No object. The thing just is in a state.
- たどうし (transitive) — someone acts on something else. There's an agent and an object.
The Two Patterns
| Type | Formula | Nuance |
|---|---|---|
| じどうし | [Object]が [じどうし]ています | The thing is in a state. Agent unknown or irrelevant. |
| たどうし | [Agent]は [Object]を [たどうし]てあります | Someone intentionally put it in that state. |
Use いました / ありました for past states.
Core Contrast
ドアが開いています The door is open. (It opened — maybe on its own, maybe someone did it, doesn't matter.)
彼はドアを開けてあります He has opened the door. (He did it on purpose. We know who.)
Common じどうし・たどうし Pairs
| じどうし (int.) | たどうし (tr.) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 開く (あく) | 開ける (あける) | to open |
| 閉まる (しまる) | 閉める (しめる) | to close |
| 消える (きえる) | 消す (けす) | to go out / to turn off |
| 冷える (ひえる) | 冷やす (ひやす) | to get cold / to cool |
| 入る (はいる) | 入れる (いれる) | to be inside / to insert |
Examples
じどうし + ています
飲み物は冷蔵庫で冷えています The drinks are chilling in the refrigerator.
- 冷える is intransitive — the drinks are just in the state of being cold.
パスポートが入っています The passport is (inside the drawer).
- 入る is intransitive — it's just in there.
運転するときにパスポートを持っています I carry my passport when I drive.
スーパーに行く時に家にパスポートを置いています I leave my passport at home when I go to the supermarket.
たどうし + てあります
彼は窓を閉めてありました He had closed the window.
- 閉める is transitive — he did it intentionally.
テレビを消してありました The TV had been turned off.
- No explicit subject, but somebody switched it off. Didn't turn itself off.
家を掃除してありました The house had been cleaned.
パーティーのために、私は飲み物を冷蔵庫で冷やしてありました For the party, I had kept the drinks chilled in the refrigerator.
- Same situation as the じどうし example above, but now I am the agent doing it intentionally.
パスポートは机に入れてあります My passport has been put in the drawer.
- 入れる is transitive — someone (me) put it there.
スペンサーは昼ご飯を作ってありますか？ Has Spencer made lunch?
昼ご飯はまだ作ってありません I haven't made lunch yet.
Edge Case: Verbs With No Intransitive Form
Some verbs — like おく (to place) and かける (to hang) — don't have an intransitive counterpart. For these, use the passive form (うけみけい) instead.
花がテーブルの上に置かれています Flowers are placed on the table.
カレンダーが壁に掛けられています The calendar is hanging on the wall.