227 lines
9.9 KiB
Markdown
227 lines
9.9 KiB
Markdown
---
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type: Knowledge
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title: Synthesized Japanese Class Notes
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date: '2025-10-23'
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---
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# Synthesized Japanese Class Notes
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This note is a synthesized compilation of all Japanese class notes from the `10-Input` folder. The content has been organized by topic for clarity and ease of reference.
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79674766584:0173
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## Grammar
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### Parts of Speech
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- **めいし (名詞)** - Noun
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- **どうし (動詞)** - Verb
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- **けいようし (形容詞)** - Adjective
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- **じょし (助詞)** - Particle
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- **しゅご (主語)** - Subject of a sentence
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### Particles
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- **か** - Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.
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- **の** - Connects two nouns (Noun 1 + の + Noun 2), where Noun 1 modifies or describes Noun 2. Can also be used as a placeholder for aforementioned or unknown things.
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- **に** - Indicates a specific point in time, purpose, or location of existence.
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- **で** - Indicates the location where an action takes place or the means by which an action is done ("by").
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- **も** - Means "also" or "too." Can be used to show surprise at a large quantity.
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- **が** - Marks the subject of a sentence or the object of liking/disliking.
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- **を** - Marks the direct object of a verb.
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- **から / ので** - Both mean "because" or "so." ので is generally more formal/polite.
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- **や** - Used to list things loosely, similar to saying "like" or "such as".
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- **なら** - Conditional particle for hypothetical situations, contrasts, or providing information based on a premise ("if").
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### Verb Conjugations
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#### て-form (Te-form)
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The て-form is used to connect verbs, make requests, and in many other grammatical patterns.
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- **Rules:**
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- Verbs ending in **う, つ, る** → **って**
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- Verbs ending in **ぬ, む, ぶ** → **んで**
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- Verbs ending in **く** → **いて**
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- Verbs ending in **ぐ** → **いで**
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- Verbs ending in **す** → **して**
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- **Irregular:** する → して, くる → きて
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- **Usages:**
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- **〜てください** - Please do...
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- **〜てもいいですか** - May I do...?
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- **〜てはいけません / 〜てはだめです** - You must not do...
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- **〜て〜て...** - To list activities in sequential order.
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- **〜ています** - Present continuous tense.
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- **まだ + 〜ていません** - I haven't done... yet.
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#### Non-Polite (Plain) Form
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- **のむ (to drink):** のまない (neg), のんだ (past), のまなかった (past-neg)
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- **くる (to come):** こない (neg), きた (past), こなかった (past-neg)
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- **ある (to exist):** ない (neg), あった (past), なかった (past-neg)
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#### Volitional Form
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Used to express intention or suggestion in a non-polite way.
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- **Godan verbs (u-verbs):** Change the final 'u' sound to an 'o' sound and add 'u'. (e.g., 飲む → 飲もう)
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- **Ichidan verbs (ru-verbs):** Replace the final 'る' with 'よう'. (e.g., 食べる → 食べよう)
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- **Irregular:** する → しよう, くる → こよう
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#### Potential Form ("Can do")
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- **Godan Verbs (u-verbs):** Change the final "u" sound to an "e" sound.
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- **Ichidan Verbs (ru-verbs):** Remove the final る and add られる.
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- **Irregular Verbs:** する → できる, くる → こられる
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### Adjective Conjugations
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#### い-Adjectives
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- **Negative:** Replace い with **くない**.
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- **Past:** Replace い with **かった**.
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- **Past Negative:** Replace い with **くなかった**.
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- **Connecting (Te-form):** Replace い with **くて**.
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#### な-Adjectives
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- **Negative:** Add **じゃありません**.
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- **Past:** Add **でした**.
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- **Past Negative:** Add **じゃありませんでした**.
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- **Connecting (Te-form):** Add **で**.
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### Sentence Structures
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- **Making Invitations:**
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- **〜ませんか？** - Polite invitation ("Would you like to...?").
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- **〜ましょう** - Suggestion ("Let's...").
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- **〜ましょうか？** - Suggestion/Offer ("Shall we...? / Shall I...?").
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- **Expressing "I think..." (〜と思います)**: Place と思います after a phrase in the non-polite tense. Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ.
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- **Quoting Someone (〜と言います)**: Use 「 」 for direct quotes followed by と言います.
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- **Making Comparisons:**
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- **A の方が B より ADJ です** - A is more ADJ than B.
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- **Expressing Superlatives:**
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- **[Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか？** - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]?
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- **Expressing Intention (〜つもりです)**: Use a non-polite verb followed by つもりです to state you plan to do something.
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- **Expressing "To Become" (〜になる / 〜くなる)**:
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- **Noun / な-Adjective + になる**
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- **い-Adjective (stem) + くなる**
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- **Expressing "I want to..." (〜たい)**: Change the ます form of a verb to 〜たい. Conjugates like an い-adjective.
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- **Expressing someone else wants (〜たがる)**: To describe observations of another person's desire.
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- **Stating Purpose**: Use the verb stem + に + verb of motion (e.g., 行きます, 来ます).
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- **Expressing "Probably" (〜でしょう)**: Used for predictions.
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- **Expressing Preparation (〜ておく)**: Indicates something was done in preparation.
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- **Making Suggestions (〜たらどうですか？)**: Suggests trying an action.
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- **Polite Questions (〜んです)**: Makes a question less direct and more polite.
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- **Listing Activities Loosely (〜たり〜たりする)**: Lists example activities without a specific order.
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- **Expressing Experience (〜たことがあります)**: Use the past tense (た-form) of a verb followed by ことがあります.
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- **Expressing "Too much" (〜すぎる)**: Add すぎる to the verb or adjective stem.
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- **Giving Advice (〜方がいい)**: "It would be better to..."
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- **Multiple Reasons Why (〜し)**: Used to list multiple reasons for a result.
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- **Expressing "Seems to be..." (〜そうです)**: Used to describe an impression based on appearance.
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- **Trying To (〜てみる)**: Conjugate the verb to て form and add みる.
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- **Noun Modification**: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it.
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## Vocabulary
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### Nouns
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- **People & Titles:** うんてんしゅ (driver), おとしより (elderly person), かいしゃいん (office worker), きょうだい (spiritual brother), ちょうろ (elder)
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- **Places:** おうこくかいかん (Kingdom Hall), くうこう (airport), こうえん (park), しやくしょ (city hall), としょかん (library), びじゅつかん (art museum), ゆうびんきょく (post office)
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- **Time & Frequency:** あさって (day after tomorrow), いちにちじゅう (all day), おととい (two days ago), こんど (next time), しょうがつ / しんねん (New Years), まいしゅう (every week)
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- **Food & Drink:** ごはん (rice/meal), しお (salt), すきやき (sukiyaki), やきにく (BBQ), やしょく (late night snack)
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- **Objects & Concepts:** いさん (heritage), えんぴつ (pencil), かばん (bag), くるま (car), けいたい (cell phone), しごと (work), しつもん (question), せいしょ (Bible), でんしゃ (train), りょこう (trip/travel)
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### Verbs
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- **あう (会う)** - To meet
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- **あるく (歩く)** - To walk
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- **いく (行く)** - To go
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- **うんてんする (運転する)** - To drive
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- **およぐ (泳ぐ)** - To swim
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- **かう (飼う)** - To keep (a pet)
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- **きく (聴く)** - To listen
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- **する (suru)** - To do
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- **たべる (食べる)** - To eat
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- **でかける (出かける)** - To go out
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- **はなす (話す)** - To speak
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- **まつ (待つ)** - To wait
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- **よむ (読む)** - To read
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### Adjectives
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- **い-Adjectives:** あたらしい (new), あつい (hot), いそがしい (busy), おいしい (delicious), おおきい (big), さむい (cold), ちいさい (small), むずかしい (difficult), やさしい (easy/kind), やすい (cheap)
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- **な-Adjectives:** かんたん (easy), きれい (pretty/clean), げんき (healthy), しずか (quiet), じょうず (skilled), すき (likeable), べんり (convenient), ゆうめい (famous)
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- **Like/Dislike Scale:** 大好き (love) > 好き (like) > 嫌い (dislike) > 大嫌い (hate)
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### Adverbs & Expressions
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- **あまり + negative** - Not often
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- **じつは** - Actually
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- **ずっと** - Much / A lot
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- **ぜんぜん + negative** - Not at all
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- **たくさん** - A lot
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- **ときどき** - Sometimes
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- **ゆっくり** - Slowly
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## Phrases & Greetings
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- **おはよう** - Good morning
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- **よろしくお願いします** - Nice to meet you
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- **おだいじに** - Take care (when someone is sick)
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- **ただいま** - I'm home
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- **おかえり** - Welcome back
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- **いただきます** - Said before eating
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- **おなかがすきます** - I'm hungry
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- **のどがかわきました** - I'm thirsty
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### Verbs (New)
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- **差 (さ)** - Range (suffix for adjectives)
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- **安愛する (あんないする)** - To guide
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- **届ける (とどける)** - To deliver/forward
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- **説明する (せつめいする)** - To explain
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- **診る (みる)** - To examine (medical)
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- **探す (さがす)** - To look for
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- **連れていく (つれていく)** - To bring someone
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### Nouns (New)
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- **安愛がかり (あんないがかり)** - Greeter
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- **洋食 (ようしょく)** - Western food
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### Expressions (New)
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- **喜んで (よろこんで)** - With joy/pleasure
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## Grammar (New)
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### Difficulty Suffix (にくい)
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- To express that something is difficult to do, add **-にくい** to the verb stem (pre-ます form).
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### Receiving Favors (〜てもらいます)
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- Used when the subject receives a favor or action from someone else. The subject is the one receiving.
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- **Example:** 私は先生に日本語を教えてもらいます。 (I receive teaching of Japanese from the teacher.)
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### Polite Requests (〜ていただけませんか？)
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- A very polite way to ask someone to do something. Added to the て-form of a verb.
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- **Example:** このコンピュータを教えていただけませんか？ (Would you please teach me about this computer?) |