122 lines
3.9 KiB
Markdown
122 lines
3.9 KiB
Markdown
---
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processed: false
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---
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79674766584:0173
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# Random Words
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特別活動 -> とくべつ かつどう -> Special Activity
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分会 -> ぶんかい -> To separate
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旅行客 -> りょこうきゃく -> Visitors
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大会 -> たいかい -> Assembly
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割り当て -> わりあて
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スリ - Pickpocket
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する -> To pickpocket
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冷やす -> ひやす -> To make cold (たどうし)
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冷える -> ひえる -> To make cold (じどうし)
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貼る -> はる -> To stick/Paste
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入れる -> いれる -> To Insert (たどうし)
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入る -> はいる -> To Insert (じどうし)
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# Main Point
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## Resulting States: じどうし + ています vs. たどうし + てあります
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When you want to describe the **current state something is in as a result of an action**, you use Vて + います or Vて + あります — which one depends on whether the verb is intransitive or transitive.
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- **じどうし** (intransitive) — the subject acts on *itself*. No object. The thing just *is* in a state.
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- **たどうし** (transitive) — someone acts *on* something else. There's an agent and an object.
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---
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### The Two Patterns
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| Type | Formula | Nuance |
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|---|---|---|
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| じどうし | **[Object]が [じどうし]ています** | The thing is in a state. Agent unknown or irrelevant. |
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| たどうし | **[Agent]は [Object]を [たどうし]てあります** | Someone *intentionally* put it in that state. |
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> Use **いました / ありました** for past states.
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---
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### Core Contrast
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ドアが開いています
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The door is open. (It opened — maybe on its own, maybe someone did it, doesn't matter.)
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彼はドアを開けてあります
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He has opened the door. (He did it on purpose. We know who.)
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---
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### Common じどうし・たどうし Pairs
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| じどうし (int.) | たどうし (tr.) | Meaning |
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|---|---|---|
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| 開く (あく) | 開ける (あける) | to open |
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| 閉まる (しまる) | 閉める (しめる) | to close |
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| 消える (きえる) | 消す (けす) | to go out / to turn off |
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| 冷える (ひえる) | 冷やす (ひやす) | to get cold / to cool |
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| 入る (はいる) | 入れる (いれる) | to be inside / to insert |
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---
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### Examples
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**じどうし + ています**
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飲み物は冷蔵庫で冷えています
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The drinks are chilling in the refrigerator.
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- 冷える is intransitive — the drinks are just *in the state* of being cold.
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パスポートが入っています
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The passport is (inside the drawer).
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- 入る is intransitive — it's just in there.
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運転するときにパスポートを持っています
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I carry my passport when I drive.
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スーパーに行く時に家にパスポートを置いています
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I leave my passport at home when I go to the supermarket.
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---
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**たどうし + てあります**
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彼は窓を閉めてありました
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He had closed the window.
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- 閉める is transitive — he did it intentionally.
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テレビを消してありました
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The TV had been turned off.
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- No explicit subject, but *somebody* switched it off. Didn't turn itself off.
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家を掃除してありました
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The house had been cleaned.
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パーティーのために、私は飲み物を冷蔵庫で冷やしてありました
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For the party, I had kept the drinks chilled in the refrigerator.
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- Same situation as the じどうし example above, but now *I* am the agent doing it intentionally.
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パスポートは机に入れてあります
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My passport has been put in the drawer.
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- 入れる is transitive — someone (me) put it there.
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スペンサーは昼ご飯を作ってありますか？
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Has Spencer made lunch?
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昼ご飯はまだ作ってありません
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I haven't made lunch yet.
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---
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### Edge Case: Verbs With No Intransitive Form
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Some verbs — like **おく** (to place) and **かける** (to hang) — don't have an intransitive counterpart. For these, use the **passive form (うけみけい)** instead.
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花がテーブルの上に置かれています
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Flowers are placed on the table.
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カレンダーが壁に掛けられています
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The calendar is hanging on the wall.
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