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Knowledge Synthesized Japanese Class Notes 2025-10-23

Synthesized Japanese Class Notes

This note is a synthesized compilation of all Japanese class notes from the 10-Input folder. The content has been organized by topic for clarity and ease of reference.

79674766584:0173

Grammar

Parts of Speech

  • めいし (名詞) - Noun
  • どうし (動詞) - Verb
  • けいようし (形容詞) - Adjective
  • じょし (助詞) - Particle
  • しゅご (主語) - Subject of a sentence

Particles

  • か - Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.
  • の - Connects two nouns (Noun 1 + の + Noun 2), where Noun 1 modifies or describes Noun 2. Can also be used as a placeholder for aforementioned or unknown things.
  • に - Indicates a specific point in time, purpose, or location of existence.
  • で - Indicates the location where an action takes place or the means by which an action is done ("by").
  • も - Means "also" or "too." Can be used to show surprise at a large quantity.
  • が - Marks the subject of a sentence or the object of liking/disliking.
  • を - Marks the direct object of a verb.
  • から / ので - Both mean "because" or "so." ので is generally more formal/polite.
  • や - Used to list things loosely, similar to saying "like" or "such as".
  • なら - Conditional particle for hypothetical situations, contrasts, or providing information based on a premise ("if").

Verb Conjugations

て-form (Te-form)

The て-form is used to connect verbs, make requests, and in many other grammatical patterns.

  • Rules:

    • Verbs ending in う, つ, る → って
    • Verbs ending in ぬ, む, ぶ → んで
    • Verbs ending in く → いて
    • Verbs ending in ぐ → いで
    • Verbs ending in す → して
    • Irregular: する → して, くる → きて

  • Usages:

    • 〜てください - Please do...
    • 〜てもいいですか - May I do...?
    • 〜てはいけません / 〜てはだめです - You must not do...
    • 〜て〜て... - To list activities in sequential order.
    • 〜ています - Present continuous tense.
    • まだ + 〜ていません - I haven't done... yet.

Non-Polite (Plain) Form

  • のむ (to drink): のまない (neg), のんだ (past), のまなかった (past-neg)
  • くる (to come): こない (neg), きた (past), こなかった (past-neg)
  • ある (to exist): ない (neg), あった (past), なかった (past-neg)

Volitional Form

Used to express intention or suggestion in a non-polite way.

  • Godan verbs (u-verbs): Change the final 'u' sound to an 'o' sound and add 'u'. (e.g., 飲む → 飲もう)
  • Ichidan verbs (ru-verbs): Replace the final 'る' with 'よう'. (e.g., 食べる → 食べよう)
  • Irregular: する → しよう, くる → こよう

Potential Verbs

The potential form in Japanese is used to express ability or possibility (e.g., "can do," "is able to"). Once a verb is in its potential form, it functions grammatically as a Group 2 (Ichidan) verb.

1. How to Form Potential Verbs (Conjugation)
Verb Group Base Form (Dictionary) Conjugation Rule Potential Form (Plain) Example
Group 1 (Godan/U-verbs) Ends in a U-row kana Change the final U-sound to the equivalent E-sound and add る (U \rightarrow E + る) E-る verb 話す (hanasu - to speak) \rightarrow 話せる (hanaseru - can speak)
Group 2 (Ichidan/Ru-verbs) Ends in る (preceded by E or I sound) Replace る with られる (る \rightarrow られる) られる verb 食べる (taberu - to eat) \rightarrow 食べられる (taberareru - can eat)
Irregular (する) する (suru - to do) Special exception できる (dekiru - can do)
Irregular (来る) 来る (kuru - to come) Special exception 来られる (korareru - can come)
📝 Note: The ら-Drop (ら抜き言葉)

In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the ら (ra) is often dropped.

  • Standard: 食べられる (taberareru)
  • Colloquial (Non-Standard): 食べれる (tabereru)
2. Key Grammatical Usage: Particle Change

The most important grammatical rule for potential verbs is the change in the direct object particle.

Particle Change: を (o) \rightarrow が (ga)

When a transitive verb is put into the potential form, the direct object particle usually changes from を (o) to が (ga).

Verb Form Example Sentence Meaning
Non-Potential 私は日本語を話します。 I speak Japanese.
Potential 私は日本語が話せます。 I can speak Japanese.

Tip: While が is grammatically correct and preferred in formal writing, you may frequently hear を used with potential verbs in casual conversation.

3. Alternative Expression of Potential

You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by using the phrase ～ことができる (koto ga dekiru), which means "the thing/action of {verb} can be done."

  • Formula: Plain Form of Verb + ことができる
Method Example Meaning
Potential Verb 日本語が 話せます。 I can speak Japanese.
Alternative Form 日本語を 話す ことができます。 I can speak Japanese.

Adjective Conjugations

い-Adjectives

  • Negative: Replace い with くない.
  • Past: Replace い with かった.
  • Past Negative: Replace い with くなかった.
  • Connecting (Te-form): Replace い with くて.

な-Adjectives

  • Negative: Add じゃありません.
  • Past: Add でした.
  • Past Negative: Add じゃありませんでした.
  • Connecting (Te-form): Add で.

Sentence Structures

  • Making Invitations:

    • 〜ませんか？ - Polite invitation ("Would you like to...?").
    • 〜ましょう - Suggestion ("Let's...").
    • 〜ましょうか？ - Suggestion/Offer ("Shall we...? / Shall I...?").

  • Expressing "I think..." (〜と思います): Place と思います after a phrase in the non-polite tense. Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ.

  • Quoting Someone (〜と言います): Use 「 」 for direct quotes followed by と言います.

  • Making Comparisons:

    • A の方が B より ADJ です - A is more ADJ than B.

  • Expressing Superlatives:

    • [Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか？ - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]?

  • Expressing Intention (〜つもりです): Use a non-polite verb followed by つもりです to state you plan to do something.

  • Expressing "To Become" (〜になる / 〜くなる):

    • Noun / な-Adjective + になる
    • い-Adjective (stem) + くなる

  • Expressing "I want to..." (〜たい): Change the ます form of a verb to 〜たい. Conjugates like an い-adjective.

  • Expressing someone else wants (〜たがる): To describe observations of another person's desire.

  • Stating Purpose: Use the verb stem + に + verb of motion (e.g., 行きます, 来ます).

  • Expressing "Probably" (〜でしょう): Used for predictions.

  • Expressing Preparation (〜ておく): Indicates something was done in preparation.

  • Making Suggestions (〜たらどうですか？): Suggests trying an action.

  • Polite Questions (〜んです): Makes a question less direct and more polite.

  • Listing Activities Loosely (〜たり〜たりする): Lists example activities without a specific order.

  • Expressing Experience (〜たことがあります): Use the past tense (た-form) of a verb followed by ことがあります.

  • Expressing "Too much" (〜すぎる): Add すぎる to the verb or adjective stem.

  • Giving Advice (〜方がいい): "It would be better to..."

  • Multiple Reasons Why (〜し): Used to list multiple reasons for a result.

  • Expressing "Seems to be..." (〜そうです): Used to describe an impression based on appearance.

  • Trying To (〜てみる): Conjugate the verb to て form and add みる.

  • Noun Modification: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it.

  • Difficulty Suffix (にくい): To express that something is difficult to do, add -にくい to the verb stem (pre-ます form).

  • Receiving Favors (〜てもらいます): Used when the subject receives a favor or action from someone else. The subject is the one receiving. Example: 私は先生に日本語を教えてもらいます。 (I receive teaching of Japanese from the teacher.)

  • Polite Requests (〜ていただけませんか？): A very polite way to ask someone to do something. Added to the て-form of a verb. Example: このコンピュータを教えていただけませんか？ (Would you please teach me about this computer?)

  • Expressing Hope (〜といいですね / 〜といいんですが):

    • For Others (〜といいですね / 〜といいね): Expresses hope for someone else. Added after a plain form verb, い-adjective, or な-adjective.
      • Example: 早くよくなるといいですね (I hope you get better soon.)
      • Example: 合格するといいですね (I hope you pass the exam.)
    • For Oneself (〜といいんですが / 〜といいんだけど / 〜といいな): Expresses hope for oneself.
      • Example: すてきな人と結婚できるといいんですが (I hope I can marry a wonderful person.)
      • Example: 給料は上がるといいんですが (I hope my salary rises.)

  • Expressing "When" (〜とき): Added to the plain form of a verb to create a time-referencing clause. The tense of the verb before とき indicates the timing of the main action.

    • Present Tense + とき: The main action occurs during the action in the とき clause.
      • Example: 会社に行く時に友達を会いました。 (I met my friend on the way to work.)
    • Past Tense + とき: The main action occurs after the action in the とき clause was completed.
      • Example: パリに行った時にこのかばんを買いました。 (When I went to Paris, I bought this bag.)

  • Expressing Apology (〜てすみませんでした): Used to apologize for an action, often for something that couldn't be done.

    • Formula: Verb (て-form) + すみませんでした
    • Note: If apologizing for not doing something, use the negative て-form (なくて).
    • Example: パーティーへ行かなくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry I couldn't go to the party.)
    • Example: 本をなくして、すみませんでした (I'm sorry for losing the book.) - Example: 宿題を持って来なくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry for not bringing the homework.)
    - **Quoting Someone (Informal) (〜って言いました)** - 2025-11-25: A less formal equivalent of `〜と言います` for quoting others. It requires the verb preceding it to be in the plain (dictionary) form, not the -ます form. The latter part of the phrase (e.g., `言いました`) is often omitted in casual conversation. - **Formula**: Plain Form + って言いました / って - **Examples**: - *A-sanが”明日は休む”って言いました* (A-san said, "I'm off tomorrow.") - *A-sanが「会議は午後からだ」って* (A-san said, "The meeting is from the afternoon.") - *A-sanが「資料を作って」って* (A-san said, "Make the materials.") - *ニュースで「けいざいがよくなっている」って* (The news said, "The economy is improving.")

    • Conditional "If" (もし...だったら/たら) - 2025-11-25: A common, less formal way to express "if" (less formal than なら).

      • Verb: Conjugate the verb to its plain past tense (た-form) and add ら.
        • Example: もしたくさんお金があったら、新しい車を買います。 (If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.)
      • Noun or な-Adjective: Add だったら.
        • Example: もし明日はいい天気だったら、ビーチにいきます。 (If the weather is good tomorrow, I'll go to the beach.)
      • Negative Noun/な-Adj: Conjugate the noun/adjective to the negative plain past じゃなかった and add ら.
      • い-Adjective: Replace the final い with かったら.
        • Example: もし週末は晴れだったら、公園で遊びます。 (If it's sunny this weekend, we'll play at the park.)

    • Trying To (〜てみる) - 2025-11-20: To express the idea of trying something out, you conjugate a verb to its て-form and then append the verb みる. Since みる is a regular verb itself, it can be conjugated into other forms, allowing for flexible expressions.

      • Formula: Verb (て-form) + みる
      • Conjugation Examples:
        • 〜みてもいいですか? - Is it okay if I try...?
        • 〜みたい - I want to try...
      • Usage Examples:
        • 新しいレストランに行ってみます。 (I'll try going to a new restaurant.)
        • この服は着てみてもいいですか？ (Is it okay if I try on these clothes?)
        • この靴はサイズが合いますか？履いてみてもいいですか？ (Do these shoes fit my size? Can I try them on?)
        • この本は面白いですか？読んでみてもいいですか？ (Is this book interesting? May I try reading it?)
        • 沖縄のがまを見てみたい。 (I want to try to see the caves in Okinawa.)

  • Hearsay (〜そうです) - 2025-11-20: This pattern is used to report information that you have heard from another source. It is appended to the plain (non-polite) form of verbs andい-adjectives. For な-adjectives and nouns, you must add だ before そうです.

    • Formula: Plain Form (Verb/Adjective) + そうです
    • Formula (Noun/な-Adj): Noun/な-Adj + だ + そうです
    • Citing a Source: To mention where you heard the information, use the pattern: [Source] + によると.
    • Usage Examples:
      • 今日は雨だそうです。 (I heard it will rain today.)
      • 天気予報によると今日は雨が降るそうです。 (According to the weather forecast, I heard it will rain today.)
      • 明日は天気予報によると寒くなるそうです。 (I heard from the weather report that it will get cold tomorrow.)
      • 週末は天気予報によると嵐になるそうです。 (I heard from the weather report that it will become stormy this weekend.)

Vocabulary

Nouns

  • People & Titles: うんてんしゅ (driver), おとしより (elderly person), かいしゃいん (office worker), きょうだい (spiritual brother), ちょうろ (elder), 安愛がかり (あんないがかり) - Greeter, お金持ち (rich person), 奥さん (おくさん) - Wife (someone else's), 旦那さん (だんなさん) - Husband (someone else's)
  • Places: おうこくかいかん (Kingdom Hall), くうこう (airport), こうえん (park), しやくしょ (city hall), としょかん (library), びじゅつかん (art museum), ゆうびんきょく (post office)
  • Time & Frequency: あさって (day after tomorrow), いちにちじゅう (all day), おととい (two days ago), こんど (next time), しょうがつ / しんねん (New Years), まいしゅう (every week), 将来 (しょうらい) - near future
  • Food & Drink: ごはん (rice/meal), しお (salt), すきやき (sukiyaki), やきにく (BBQ), やしょく (late night snack), 洋食 (ようしょく) - Western food
  • Objects & Concepts: いさん (heritage), えんぴつ (pencil), かばん (bag), くるま (car), けいたい (cell phone), しごと (work), しつもん (question), せいしょ (Bible), でんしゃ (train), りょこう (trip/travel), 洋食 (ようしょく) - Western food, 合格発表 (ごうかく はっぴょう) - pass exam announcement, 給料 (きゅうりょう) - salary, 実現 (じつげん) - achievement/realization, 公開講演 (こうかいこうえん) - public talk, 緊張 (きんちょう) - nervousness, 区域 (くいき) - Congregation Territory, 忍耐 (にんたい) - Patience (from God), 基地 (きち) - Military Base, 遅刻 (ちこく) - Delay, 宿題 (しゅくだい) - Homework, 教科書 (きょうかしょ) - Text Book, 日の出 (ひので) - Sunlight, 離島 (りとう) - Small islands off a big island, 天気予報 (てんきよほう) - Weather report, 嵐 (あらし) - Storm
  • Natural Phenomena: - 2025-11-25: 断水 (だんすい) - Water Main/Cut, 地震 (じしん) - Earthquake, 洗濯 (せんたく) - Laundry

Verbs

  • あう (会う) - To meet
  • あるく (歩く) - To walk
  • いく (行く) - To go
  • うんてんする (運転する) - To drive
  • およぐ (泳ぐ) - To swim
  • かう (飼う) - To keep (a pet)
  • きく (聴く) - To listen
  • する (suru) - To do
  • たべる (食べる) - To eat
  • でかける (出かける) - To go out
  • はなす (話す) - To speak
  • まつ (待つ) - To wait
  • よむ (読む) - To read
  • 差 (さ) - Range (suffix for adjectives)
  • 安愛する (あんないする) - To guide
  • 届ける (とどける) - To deliver/forward
  • 説明する (せつめいする) - To explain
  • 診る (みる) - To examine (medical)
  • 探す (さがす) - To look for
  • 連れていく (つれていく) - To bring someone
  • 出来る (できる) - to be able to
  • 昇進する (しょうしん する) - to be promoted
  • 出世する (しゅっせ する) - to be promoted (more impactful)
  • 慣れる (なれる) - To get Used to
  • 心開く (こころひらく) - Open Minded/Open Hearted
  • 成長する (せいちょうする) - To grow in size
  • 見送る (みおくる) - To send off, to see off
  • 出迎える (でむかえる) - To go to entrance, and welcome other person
  • 誘う (さそう) - to invite
  • 困る (こまる) - To get in trouble

Adjectives

  • い-Adjectives: あたらしい (new), あつい (hot), いそがしい (busy), おいしい (delicious), おおきい (big), さむい (cold), ちいさい (small), むずかしい (difficult), やさしい (easy/kind), やすい (cheap), 悲しい (かなしい) - Sad (serious), 我慢強い (がまんづよい) - Patient, 使いやすい (つかいやすい) - To be useful
  • な-Adjectives: かんたん (easy), きれい (pretty/clean), げんき (healthy), しずか (quiet), じょうず (skilled), すき (likeable), べんり (convenient), ゆうめい (famous), 残念 (ざんねん) - Disappointed/Too bad
  • Like/Dislike Scale: 大好き (love) > 好き (like) > 嫌い (dislike) > 大嫌い (hate)

Adverbs & Expressions

  • あまり + negative - Not often
  • じつは - Actually
  • ずっと - Much / A lot
  • ぜんぜん + negative - Not at all
  • たくさん - A lot
  • ときどき - Sometimes
  • ゆっくり - Slowly
  • 喜んで (よろこんで) - With joy/pleasure

Phrases & Greetings

  • おはよう - Good morning
  • よろしくお願いします - Nice to meet you
  • おだいじに - Take care (when someone is sick)
  • ただいま - I'm home
  • おかえり - Welcome back
  • 行ってきます (いってきます) - I'm leaving
  • お帰りなさい (おかえりなさい) - Welcome Back (more formal)
  • いただきます - Said before eating
  • おなかがすきます - I'm hungry
  • のどがかわきました - I'm thirsty
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