327 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
327 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
---
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type: Knowledge
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title: Synthesized Japanese Class Notes
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date: '2025-10-23'
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---
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# Synthesized Japanese Class Notes
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This note is a synthesized compilation of all Japanese class notes from the `10-Input` folder. The content has been organized by topic for clarity and ease of reference.
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79674766584:0173
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## Grammar
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### Parts of Speech
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- **めいし (名詞)** - Noun
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- **どうし (動詞)** - Verb
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- **けいようし (形容詞)** - Adjective
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- **じょし (助詞)** - Particle
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- **しゅご (主語)** - Subject of a sentence
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### Particles
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- **か** - Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.
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- **の** - Connects two nouns (Noun 1 + の + Noun 2), where Noun 1 modifies or describes Noun 2. Can also be used as a placeholder for aforementioned or unknown things.
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- **に** - Indicates a specific point in time, purpose, or location of existence.
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- **で** - Indicates the location where an action takes place or the means by which an action is done ("by").
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- **も** - Means "also" or "too." Can be used to show surprise at a large quantity.
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- **が** - Marks the subject of a sentence or the object of liking/disliking.
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- **を** - Marks the direct object of a verb.
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- **から / ので** - Both mean "because" or "so." ので is generally more formal/polite.
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- **や** - Used to list things loosely, similar to saying "like" or "such as".
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- **なら** - Conditional particle for hypothetical situations, contrasts, or providing information based on a premise ("if").
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### Verb Conjugations
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#### て-form (Te-form)
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The て-form is used to connect verbs, make requests, and in many other grammatical patterns.
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- **Rules:**
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- Verbs ending in **う, つ, る** → **って**
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- Verbs ending in **ぬ, む, ぶ** → **んで**
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- Verbs ending in **く** → **いて**
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- Verbs ending in **ぐ** → **いで**
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- Verbs ending in **す** → **して**
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- **Irregular:** する → して, くる → きて
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- **Usages:**
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- **〜てください** - Please do...
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- **〜てもいいですか** - May I do...?
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- **〜てはいけません / 〜てはだめです** - You must not do...
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- **〜て〜て...** - To list activities in sequential order.
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- **〜ています** - Present continuous tense.
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- **まだ + 〜ていません** - I haven't done... yet.
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#### Non-Polite (Plain) Form
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- **のむ (to drink):** のまない (neg), のんだ (past), のまなかった (past-neg)
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- **くる (to come):** こない (neg), きた (past), こなかった (past-neg)
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- **ある (to exist):** ない (neg), あった (past), なかった (past-neg)
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#### Volitional Form
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Used to express intention or suggestion in a non-polite way.
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- **Godan verbs (u-verbs):** Change the final 'u' sound to an 'o' sound and add 'u'. (e.g., 飲む → 飲もう)
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- **Ichidan verbs (ru-verbs):** Replace the final 'る' with 'よう'. (e.g., 食べる → 食べよう)
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- **Irregular:** する → しよう, くる → こよう
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#### Potential Verbs
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The potential form in Japanese is used to express **ability** or **possibility** (e.g., "can do," "is able to"). Once a verb is in its potential form, it functions grammatically as a **Group 2 (Ichidan) verb**.
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##### 1. How to Form Potential Verbs (Conjugation)
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| Verb Group | Base Form (Dictionary) | Conjugation Rule | Potential Form (Plain) | Example |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **Group 1** (Godan/U-verbs) | Ends in a U-row kana | Change the final U-sound to the equivalent **E-sound** and add **る** ($U \rightarrow E + る$) | $E-る$ verb | **話す** (hanasu - to speak) $\rightarrow$ **話せる** (hanaseru - can speak) |
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| **Group 2** (Ichidan/Ru-verbs) | Ends in **る** (preceded by E or I sound) | Replace **る** with **られる** ($る \rightarrow られる$) | $られる$ verb | **食べる** (taberu - to eat) $\rightarrow$ **食べられる** (taberareru - can eat) |
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| **Irregular** (する) | **する** (suru - to do) | Special exception | **できる** (dekiru - can do) | |
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| **Irregular** (来る) | **来る** (kuru - to come) | Special exception | **来られる** (korareru - can come) | |
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###### 📝 Note: The ら-Drop (ら抜き言葉)
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In casual speech, especially for Group 2 verbs, the *ら* (ra) is often dropped.
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* **Standard:** 食べられる (taberareru)
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* **Colloquial (Non-Standard):** 食べれる (tabereru)
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---
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##### 2. Key Grammatical Usage: Particle Change
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The most important grammatical rule for potential verbs is the change in the direct object particle.
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###### Particle Change: を (o) $\rightarrow$ が (ga)
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When a transitive verb is put into the potential form, the direct object particle usually changes from **を** (*o*) to **が** (*ga*).
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| Verb Form | Example Sentence | Meaning |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **Non-Potential** | 私は**日本語を**話します。 | I speak Japanese. |
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| **Potential** | 私は**日本語が**話せます。 | I **can** speak Japanese. |
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> **Tip:** While **が** is grammatically correct and preferred in formal writing, you may frequently hear **を** used with potential verbs in casual conversation.
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---
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##### 3. Alternative Expression of Potential
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You can express potential without conjugating the verb into its unique form by using the phrase **～ことができる** (koto ga dekiru), which means "the thing/action of {verb} can be done."
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* **Formula:** Plain Form of Verb + **ことができる**
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| Method | Example | Meaning |
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| :------------------- | :----------------------- | :-------------------- |
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| **Potential Verb** | 日本語**が** **話せます**。 | I can speak Japanese. |
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| **Alternative Form** | 日本語を **話す** **ことができます**。 | I can speak Japanese. |
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### Adjective Conjugations
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#### い-Adjectives
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- **Negative:** Replace い with **くない**.
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- **Past:** Replace い with **かった**.
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- **Past Negative:** Replace い with **くなかった**.
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- **Connecting (Te-form):** Replace い with **くて**.
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#### な-Adjectives
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- **Negative:** Add **じゃありません**.
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- **Past:** Add **でした**.
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- **Past Negative:** Add **じゃありませんでした**.
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- **Connecting (Te-form):** Add **で**.
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### Sentence Structures
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- **Making Invitations:**
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- **〜ませんか？** - Polite invitation ("Would you like to...?").
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- **〜ましょう** - Suggestion ("Let's...").
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- **〜ましょうか？** - Suggestion/Offer ("Shall we...? / Shall I...?").
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- **Expressing "I think..." (〜と思います)**: Place と思います after a phrase in the non-polite tense. Nouns & な-Adjectives require だ.
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- **Quoting Someone (〜と言います)**: Use 「 」 for direct quotes followed by と言います.
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- **Making Comparisons:**
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- **A の方が B より ADJ です** - A is more ADJ than B.
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- **Expressing Superlatives:**
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- **[Category] の中で [Question Word] が一番 [ADJ] ですか？** - Within [Category], which/what/who is the most [ADJ]?
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- **Expressing Intention (〜つもりです)**: Use a non-polite verb followed by つもりです to state you plan to do something.
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- **Expressing "To Become" (〜になる / 〜くなる)**:
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- **Noun / な-Adjective + になる**
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- **い-Adjective (stem) + くなる**
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- **Expressing "I want to..." (〜たい)**: Change the ます form of a verb to 〜たい. Conjugates like an い-adjective.
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- **Expressing someone else wants (〜たがる)**: To describe observations of another person's desire.
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- **Stating Purpose**: Use the verb stem + に + verb of motion (e.g., 行きます, 来ます).
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- **Expressing "Probably" (〜でしょう)**: Used for predictions.
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- **Expressing Preparation (〜ておく)**: Indicates something was done in preparation.
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- **Making Suggestions (〜たらどうですか？)**: Suggests trying an action.
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- **Polite Questions (〜んです)**: Makes a question less direct and more polite.
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- **Listing Activities Loosely (〜たり〜たりする)**: Lists example activities without a specific order.
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- **Expressing Experience (〜たことがあります)**: Use the past tense (た-form) of a verb followed by ことがあります.
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- **Expressing "Too much" (〜すぎる)**: Add すぎる to the verb or adjective stem.
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- **Giving Advice (〜方がいい)**: "It would be better to..."
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- **Multiple Reasons Why (〜し)**: Used to list multiple reasons for a result.
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- **Expressing "Seems to be..." (〜そうです)**: Used to describe an impression based on appearance.
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- **Trying To (〜てみる)**: Conjugate the verb to て form and add みる.
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- **Noun Modification**: Use a plain form verb before a noun to modify it.
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- **Difficulty Suffix (にくい)**: To express that something is difficult to do, add **-にくい** to the verb stem (pre-ます form).
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- **Receiving Favors (〜てもらいます)**: Used when the subject receives a favor or action from someone else. The subject is the one receiving. *Example: 私は先生に日本語を教えてもらいます。 (I receive teaching of Japanese from the teacher.)*
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- **Polite Requests (〜ていただけませんか？)**: A very polite way to ask someone to do something. Added to the て-form of a verb. *Example: このコンピュータを教えていただけませんか？ (Would you please teach me about this computer?)*
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- **Expressing Hope (〜といいですね / 〜といいんですが)**:
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- **For Others (〜といいですね / 〜といいね)**: Expresses hope for someone else. Added after a plain form verb, い-adjective, or な-adjective.
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- *Example: 早くよくなるといいですね (I hope you get better soon.)*
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- *Example: 合格するといいですね (I hope you pass the exam.)*
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- **For Oneself (〜といいんですが / 〜といいんだけど / 〜といいな)**: Expresses hope for oneself.
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- *Example: すてきな人と結婚できるといいんですが (I hope I can marry a wonderful person.)*
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- *Example: 給料は上がるといいんですが (I hope my salary rises.)*
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- **Expressing "When" (〜とき)**: Added to the plain form of a verb to create a time-referencing clause. The tense of the verb before とき indicates the timing of the main action.
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- **Present Tense + とき**: The main action occurs *during* the action in the とき clause.
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- *Example: 会社に行く時に友達を会いました。 (I met my friend on the way to work.)*
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- **Past Tense + とき**: The main action occurs *after* the action in the とき clause was completed.
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- *Example: パリに行った時にこのかばんを買いました。 (When I went to Paris, I bought this bag.)*
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- **Expressing Apology (〜てすみませんでした)**: Used to apologize for an action, often for something that couldn't be done.
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- **Formula**: Verb (て-form) + すみませんでした
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- **Note**: If apologizing for *not* doing something, use the negative て-form (なくて).
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- *Example*: パーティーへ行かなくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry I couldn't go to the party.)
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- *Example*: 本をなくして、すみませんでした (I'm sorry for losing the book.)
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- *Example: 宿題を持って来なくて、すみませんでした (I'm sorry for not bringing the homework.)*
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<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
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- **Quoting Someone (Informal) (〜って言いました)** - 2025-11-25: A less formal equivalent of `〜と言います` for quoting others. It requires the verb preceding it to be in the plain (dictionary) form, not the -ます form. The latter part of the phrase (e.g., `言いました`) is often omitted in casual conversation.
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- **Formula**: Plain Form + って言いました / って
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- **Examples**:
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- *A-sanが”明日は休む”って言いました* (A-san said, "I'm off tomorrow.")
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- *A-sanが「会議は午後からだ」って* (A-san said, "The meeting is from the afternoon.")
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- *A-sanが「資料を作って」って* (A-san said, "Make the materials.")
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- *ニュースで「けいざいがよくなっている」って* (The news said, "The economy is improving.")
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- **Conditional "If" (もし...だったら/たら)** - 2025-11-25: A common, less formal way to express "if" (less formal than `なら`).
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- **Verb**: Conjugate the verb to its plain past tense (た-form) and add `ら`.
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- *Example: もしたくさんお金が**あったら**、新しい車を買います。* (If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.)
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- **Noun or な-Adjective**: Add `だったら`.
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- *Example: **もし**明日はいい天気**だったら**、ビーチにいきます。* (If the weather is good tomorrow, I'll go to the beach.)
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- **Negative Noun/な-Adj**: Conjugate the noun/adjective to the negative plain past `じゃなかった` and add `ら`.
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- **い-Adjective**: Replace the final `い` with `かったら`.
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- *Example: もし週末は**晴れだったら**、公園で遊びます。* (If it's sunny this weekend, we'll play at the park.)
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- **Trying To (〜てみる)** - 2025-11-20: To express the idea of trying something out, you conjugate a verb to its て-form and then append the verb みる. Since みる is a regular verb itself, it can be conjugated into other forms, allowing for flexible expressions.
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- **Formula**: Verb (て-form) + みる
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- **Conjugation Examples**:
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- `〜みてもいいですか?` - Is it okay if I try...?
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- `〜みたい` - I want to try...
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- **Usage Examples**:
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- *新しいレストランに行ってみます。* (I'll try going to a new restaurant.)
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- *この服は着てみてもいいですか？* (Is it okay if I try on these clothes?)
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- *この靴はサイズが合いますか？履いてみてもいいですか？* (Do these shoes fit my size? Can I try them on?)
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- *この本は面白いですか？読んでみてもいいですか？* (Is this book interesting? May I try reading it?)
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- *沖縄のがまを見てみたい。* (I want to try to see the caves in Okinawa.)
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- **Hearsay (〜そうです)** - 2025-11-20: This pattern is used to report information that you have heard from another source. It is appended to the plain (non-polite) form of verbs andい-adjectives. For な-adjectives and nouns, you must add だ before そうです.
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- **Formula**: Plain Form (Verb/Adjective) + そうです
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- **Formula (Noun/な-Adj)**: Noun/な-Adj + だ + そうです
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- **Citing a Source**: To mention where you heard the information, use the pattern: `[Source] + によると`.
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- **Usage Examples**:
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- *今日は雨だそうです。* (I heard it will rain today.)
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- *天気予報によると今日は雨が降るそうです。* (According to the weather forecast, I heard it will rain today.)
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- *明日は天気予報によると寒くなるそうです。* (I heard from the weather report that it will get cold tomorrow.)
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- *週末は天気予報によると嵐になるそうです。* (I heard from the weather report that it will become stormy this weekend.)
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## Vocabulary
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### Nouns
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- **People & Titles:** うんてんしゅ (driver), おとしより (elderly person), かいしゃいん (office worker), きょうだい (spiritual brother), ちょうろ (elder), 安愛がかり (あんないがかり) - Greeter, お金持ち (rich person), 奥さん (おくさん) - Wife (someone else's), 旦那さん (だんなさん) - Husband (someone else's)
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- **Places:** おうこくかいかん (Kingdom Hall), くうこう (airport), こうえん (park), しやくしょ (city hall), としょかん (library), びじゅつかん (art museum), ゆうびんきょく (post office)
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- **Time & Frequency:** あさって (day after tomorrow), いちにちじゅう (all day), おととい (two days ago), こんど (next time), しょうがつ / しんねん (New Years), まいしゅう (every week), 将来 (しょうらい) - near future
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- **Food & Drink:** ごはん (rice/meal), しお (salt), すきやき (sukiyaki), やきにく (BBQ), やしょく (late night snack), 洋食 (ようしょく) - Western food
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- **Objects & Concepts:** いさん (heritage), えんぴつ (pencil), かばん (bag), くるま (car), けいたい (cell phone), しごと (work), しつもん (question), せいしょ (Bible), でんしゃ (train), りょこう (trip/travel), 洋食 (ようしょく) - Western food, 合格発表 (ごうかく はっぴょう) - pass exam announcement, 給料 (きゅうりょう) - salary, 実現 (じつげん) - achievement/realization, 公開講演 (こうかいこうえん) - public talk, 緊張 (きんちょう) - nervousness, 区域 (くいき) - Congregation Territory, 忍耐 (にんたい) - Patience (from God), 基地 (きち) - Military Base, 遅刻 (ちこく) - Delay, 宿題 (しゅくだい) - Homework, 教科書 (きょうかしょ) - Text Book, 日の出 (ひので) - Sunlight, 離島 (りとう) - Small islands off a big island, 天気予報 (てんきよほう) - Weather report, 嵐 (あらし) - Storm
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- **Natural Phenomena:** - 2025-11-25: 断水 (だんすい) - Water Main/Cut, 地震 (じしん) - Earthquake, 洗濯 (せんたく) - Laundry
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### Verbs
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- **あう (会う)** - To meet
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- **あるく (歩く)** - To walk
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- **いく (行く)** - To go
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- **うんてんする (運転する)** - To drive
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- **およぐ (泳ぐ)** - To swim
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- **かう (飼う)** - To keep (a pet)
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- **きく (聴く)** - To listen
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- **する (suru)** - To do
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- **たべる (食べる)** - To eat
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- **でかける (出かける)** - To go out
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- **はなす (話す)** - To speak
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- **まつ (待つ)** - To wait
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- **よむ (読む)** - To read
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- **差 (さ)** - Range (suffix for adjectives)
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- **安愛する (あんないする)** - To guide
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- **届ける (とどける)** - To deliver/forward
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- **説明する (せつめいする)** - To explain
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- **診る (みる)** - To examine (medical)
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- **探す (さがす)** - To look for
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- **連れていく (つれていく)** - To bring someone
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- **出来る (できる)** - to be able to
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- **昇進する (しょうしん する)** - to be promoted
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- **出世する (しゅっせ する)** - to be promoted (more impactful)
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- **慣れる (なれる)** - To get Used to
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- **心開く (こころひらく)** - Open Minded/Open Hearted
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- **成長する (せいちょうする)** - To grow in size
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- **見送る (みおくる)** - To send off, to see off
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- **出迎える (でむかえる)** - To go to entrance, and welcome other person
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- **誘う (さそう)** - to invite
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- **困る (こまる)** - To get in trouble
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### Adjectives
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- **い-Adjectives:** あたらしい (new), あつい (hot), いそがしい (busy), おいしい (delicious), おおきい (big), さむい (cold), ちいさい (small), むずかしい (difficult), やさしい (easy/kind), やすい (cheap), 悲しい (かなしい) - Sad (serious), 我慢強い (がまんづよい) - Patient, 使いやすい (つかいやすい) - To be useful
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- **な-Adjectives:** かんたん (easy), きれい (pretty/clean), げんき (healthy), しずか (quiet), じょうず (skilled), すき (likeable), べんり (convenient), ゆうめい (famous), 残念 (ざんねん) - Disappointed/Too bad
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- **Like/Dislike Scale:** 大好き (love) > 好き (like) > 嫌い (dislike) > 大嫌い (hate)
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### Adverbs & Expressions
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- **あまり + negative** - Not often
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- **じつは** - Actually
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- **ずっと** - Much / A lot
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- **ぜんぜん + negative** - Not at all
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- **たくさん** - A lot
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- **ときどき** - Sometimes
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- **ゆっくり** - Slowly
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- **喜んで (よろこんで)** - With joy/pleasure
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## Phrases & Greetings
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- **おはよう** - Good morning
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- **よろしくお願いします** - Nice to meet you
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- **おだいじに** - Take care (when someone is sick)
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- **ただいま** - I'm home
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- **おかえり** - Welcome back
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- **行ってきます (いってきます)** - I'm leaving
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- **お帰りなさい (おかえりなさい)** - Welcome Back (more formal)
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- **いただきます** - Said before eating
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- **おなかがすきます** - I'm hungry
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- **のどがかわきました** - I'm thirsty
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